Project Estimation Techniques in Software Engineering

Project regard Techniques in Softw be engineerThe four major parameters that control the softwargon suffers ar time, requirements, resources heap, infrastructure/materials and m unityy, and risks. This is superstar of the reasons why making nifty forecasts of these variables equal time and resources undeniable for a look is really critical. But if the affection is lower than the determine call for it will affect the progress of the leap out due to the lack of exuberant time, money, infrastructure/materials, or mint. At the said(prenominal) time even if the idea is over tendernessd then the comp nigh(prenominal) will nurture to face losses due to the supernumerary expenses or even if the run into is sanctioned different projects dont go on since in that location is less to go around.For any prospered project management, assessment is a full of life part of project methodology. inclination has numerous applications want justification of project which has to be applied in the sign stages of the project w here(predicate) in we need to anticipate the benefits which is comp atomic number 18d with the personifys incurred as well as to decipher comparisons and conclusions that has to be do with technical and functional squads involved in the project. Also, affection plays a vital role in project management to implement the disciplines compulsory. sees help in sharing the resources required to complete the project deliverables successfully.Estimation operateDefinition Project idea is a process of forecasting or approximating the project parameters similar cost, time, driving etc., for a successful outcome of the project deliverables 4.Overview of the Estimation ProcessThe origin point to be remembered close to friendship is that it does not finish until the bound of project and is a process of a slow and gradual goal. For galore(postnominal) packet projects a project manager end assist the team to create successful appraisals by using sound techniques and understanding about what makes calculate more accurate. Staff required for a project idea are taken from a pool of multitude who has some foregoing experience of the domain in which the new project is creation demonstrable.When we motivation to start a project we need to know basic parameters required in advance like how long it will take, how legion(predicate) people it will require, how much effort it will require. In much(prenominal) cases it is fractious to estimate because in many cases projects overrun or project would go over budget. Always a good esteem practices keep the project on track. In many cases, project estimation can be classified into three categories,Expert opinion Opinion from Qualified experts from inside the organization or service partners is taken into account for estimation.Analogy A infobase where tasks previously completed are stored is taken into account. The new project would be decomposed into co mponents/tasks, and compared with the corresponding tasks in the database.Ratios Whole project will be decomposed into run low Break bring down body structure (WBS), and estimating each component single(a)ly to produce an boilersuit estimate.When to estimateA rough estimate is needed at the sign stage of the project or probably even before the positive project starts. This is because, the final negotiations should be made with the customer, which needs the rough estimate of the cost, time and quality of the project.Also, Estimation is a process of gradual refinement 2. It should be performed in parallel with the project development, in several builds. each(prenominal) estimate will be refined to kick the bucket a converged estimate towards the end of the project.Estimation should be carried out until the completion of project deliverables. in that location are basically two blastes for estimating project parameters 4. They aretop-down estimation surfaceBottom-up estimation approachTop-down estimation approachTop-down estimation approach is unremarkably utilise at the initial stages of the project. This estimation is unremarkably carried out by the top managers who have light knowledge of the processes involved in the completion of the project. The in coiffe to this estimation is every information or the escort of the manager carrying out the estimation. These top-down estimation methods are often used to evaluate the project proposal. In nigh cases, the outdo results can be achieved in estimation only when one used both top-down and bottom-up estimation methods. However, it is practically not possible to carry out bottom-up methods until the ply Breakdown Structure (WBS) are cl first delimitate. In such cases, top-down estimates are used until the WBS becomes available. in that respect are many methods in top-down approach listed below 4Consensus methods This estimation method uses experience of a group of people to estimate the project para meters. This method involves project meetings, a place where these people can discuss, argue and finally come to a conclusion from their best guess estimate. The Delphi method comes under this category.Ratio methods These estimation methods use ratios to estimate project times and costs. For example, in a construction work, the hit cost of the project can be estimated by knowing the routine of lame feet. Likewise, a software project is estimated by its complexity and its features.Approximation methods This estimation method is very useful when the project to be estimated is closely cerebrate to any of the previous projects in terms of its features and costs. By using the diachronic data of the estimates, good estimates can be approximated with very little effort. scarper point methods Many software projects are usually estimated using weight macro variables called function points. Function points can be number of inputs, number of outputs, number of inquiries, number of data files, and number of interfaces. These function points are weight down a agnize with a complexity level and summed up to get the total cost or duration estimates of the project.Bottom-up estimation approachTop-down estimation approach can usually be put in practice once the project is defined or once in that location is some progress in the project. This means, this estimation is more into work software level, which are responsible for low-cost estimates and efficient methods. It is often recommended that this estimation is usually carried out by people about knowledgeable about the estimate needed. The cost, time, resource estimates from the work packages can be checked with the associated accounts to major deliverables. Also, these estimates in later stages can be consolidated into phased networks, resource records, and budgets that used for control. Additionally, customer will get an opportunity to compare the low-cost, efficient method with any imposed restrictions, using b ottom-up approach 4.There are many methods in top-down approach listed below 4Template methods If the project to be estimated is similar to any of the past projects, then estimates of the past projects can be used as starting point estimates for the new project. This is similar to similarity estimation in top-down approach.Parametric procedures These parametric procedures are same like ratio methods in top-down approach. However, here the parametric procedures are applied on specific tasks.Detailed estimates for WBS work packages This is usually most reliable method of all estimation methods. The reason for this is that here the estimates are performed by people responsible for the work packages in Work Breakdown Structure. These people have prior knowledge or experience upon the tasks they perform specified in WBS, because of which the estimates are usually most reliable.In addition to the top-down and bottom-up approaches, there is another kind of estimating which is a hybrid of the above two approaches. This is called as Phase Estimating. When there is out-of-the-way amount of uncertainty is surrounded by the project, people go for phase estimating. In this approach, two-estimate system is used over the keep-cycle of the project. The whole project is ab initio divided into phases. Then a detailed estimate is authentic for the prompt phase, and a macro-estimate is mode for the remaining phases of the project.Difficulties in EstimationThere are two major cases where Estimation problems almost always boil down to estimates that are either likewise high or to a fault low. embellish estimates, where the team members intentionally over estimates in order to give themselves extra time to work, are a chronic source of estimates that are too high. In such case, the project will take at least as long as it had been estimated even though it was originally overestimated. fit to Parkinsons Law, Work expands to fill available time1.Other case arises when senior managers give unrealistic deadlines that are a chronic source of estimates that are too low. In such cases, the staff in the project development can burnout and produce low quality components. Also the credibility will be lost because, the deadlines would be missed.Both the cases can lead to morale problems.Estimation Toolssoftware product tools are very important for estimation. Estimation tools are the software packages implemented using any of the estimation methods as its algorithm, to make project managers life easy. These estimation tools help from skipping important tasks in a method. These tools are useful to organise, update and store the results of the estimates. Also, Estimation Tools are useful to 2Estimate project size using Function Points or other metrics. number effort and schedule from the project estimates using various algorithms and techniques.Perform digest with staffing, duration etc. and appreciate how realistic they are.Produce and update results like Gantt charts and other tables easily.Maintain and exploit a database of historic data.Import data from other projects run in organisations with which you have no connection.However, one should very carefully select the estimation tools for a particular project.Principle mandatory functional capabilities of estimation tools should match the needs and desired capabilities specific to the project.In selecting an estimation tool, one should match the available tools with the overall requirements of the project. In general, estimation tools shouldBe very adaptive to any projects development environment, so that one can customize the tool according to the project needs.Be relatively easy to understand, learn and use.Be able to produce some early project estimates without waiting for the whole project to be completely defined designed.Be able to provide estimates for different phases and activities in the project, if it is classified so. pull in and support wide chain of mountains of language s and applications, as it is really important for a tool to provide estimates specific to the applications.Be able to provide accurate schedule estimates, whose purpose is not only to predict task completion given task sequence and available resources, but also to make water starting and ending dates for the associated work packages and life-cycle phases.Be able to provide alimony estimates separately, which includes correcting errors, modifying the software to accommodate changes in requirements, and extending and enhancing software performance.Evaluation of the estimation toolsThere are many tools in the market for project estimation. However, I am investigating a few and very efficient tools in the trust costy market.PROBEThe name PROBE is derived from Proxy Based Estimating, introduced by Watts Humphrey (of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University) 1.Principle If a component being built is similar to one built previously, then the effort it takes would be about the same as it did in the past.It mainly helps individual software engineers monitor, test, and improve their own work. Each component in the database is assigned a type (calculation, data, logic, etc.) and a size (from very small to very large). Also, a database is used to store history of size and effort details of these individual components. Later on, when a new project must be estimated, it is unkept down into tasks that correspond to these types and sizes. A formula based on additive regression is used to calculate the estimate for each task 1.COCOMOThe COCOMO is the most used estimation tool in the market for cost and schedule estimating. The COCOMO is derived from Constructive Cost Model, developed by Barry Boehm in the early mid-eighties 1.Principle The nonplus developed empirically by running a study of many software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. There by developing a database of the analysed details.Boehm developed COCOMO emp irically by running a study of 63 software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. COCOMO II was developed in the nineties as an updated version for modern development life cycles, and it is based on a broader set of data 1. The COCOMO calculation incorporates 15 cost drivers, variables that must be provided as input for a imitate that is based on the results of those canvas projects. These variables cover software, computer, personnel, and project attributes. The output of the model is a set of size and effort estimates that can be developed into a project schedule 1.The Planning bizThe Planning Game is the software project planning method from Extreme Programming (XP), a lightweight development methodology developed by Kent Beck in the 1990s at Chrysler 1. It is a method used to manage the negotiation mingled with the engineering team (Development) and the stakeholders ( channel). It gains some emotional distance from the planning process by treating i t as a game, where the playing pieces are user stories write on index cards and the goal is to assign value to stories and put them into production over time 1.Unlike PROBE, COCOMO and Delphi, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the ground of the project to be estimated 1. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Like much of XP, the planning process is exceedingly iterative. The scope is established by having Development and Business work in concert to interactively write the stories. Then, each story is given an estimate of 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Stories that are larger than that are split up into multiple iterations. Business is given an opportunity to steer the project between iterations. The estimates themselves are created by the programmers, based on the stories that are created. Finally, commitments are agreed upon. This is repeated until the future(a) iteration of the project is planned.Critical analysisIn order to have the best estimates of a project, it is better to make some rough top-down estimates initially, develop the WBS, using which make bottom-up estimates, and develop schedules and estimates and finally, reconcile the differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches. Also for ideal results, the project manager should accommodate some time to carry out top-down and bottom-up estimates, there by reliable estimates can be offered to the customer. This will in treat reduce the false expectations for stakeholders.If we compare estimation approaches, there are some uses to use some approaches depending on the context of the estimation. Top-down approaches are favorite(a) over bottom-up approaches in case of exceedingly uncertain projects, whose scope is also unstable. Also, in case of internal and small projects, it is not worth spending lots of time and effort to go for bottom-top estimates. Therefor e, in such cases, top-down approaches are preferable. Also, at the initial stages of the project when the decisions and negotiations should be made with the customer, top down is mandatory, due to lack of WBS to that particular project.However, in case of cost and time estimates are really important and plays vital role in the project development, one should go for bottom-up estimates. In case of fixed-price contracts and when the customer demands for exact details of the project development, one should go for bottom-up estimation methods, due to its highly reliable results. Also, Phase estimation approach is much useful in the projects, whose final nature (shape, size, features) is highly uncertain. However, both these methods largely depend on experts opinions. In case if the experts knowledge in a particular domain is insufficient to estimate, one should go for analytical estimation technique which is used in estimation tools like PROBE.In case of estimation tools, PROBE is usefu l to the early engineers who are in their learning stage. They can perform wide range of experiments and gain knowledge of the previous projects, thereby gaining the real-time experience in Estimation. However, COCOMO serial publication of tools are more of professional kind because of its complex and wide range of applications. COCOMO is useful in many decision making situations including, all kinds of estimates, like cost, time, effort, maintenance. Also, using these estimates COCOMO can produce budgets and schedules.ConclusionProject estimation plays a vital role in the planning of any project. Estimation of project cost, time, effort and quality act like input for project plan and budgeting. Therefore, the domain of the project to be developed should be initially studied carefully to make a decision in selecting the right methods and tools for a good project estimation. In this document, an investigation report on project estimation is explained in detail. Also, all types of es timation methods and estimation tools are critically evaluated and analysed. Therefore, this document could be helpful in the selection of good estimation methods and tools for successful project estimation, in order to make a good project planning for a successful project management.

Effectiveness of Oxygen Therapy for Cardiac Problems

Effectiveness of oxygen Therapy for Cardiac ProblemsOxygen therapy is the regime of group O at a in high spiritser concentration than that of ambientair. The main part of this process is to every treat or prevent the symptoms and manifestations of hypoxia. Oxygen therapy decreasesthe exploit of breathing by increasing alveolar group O tensity. As an essential part of clinical practice, group O therapy is widely used in cardiac care. Despite all thiswide uses of this therapy have been criticalin cardiac care. Studies have provedthat excessive use of group O, results incritical conditionsinthe areas that it is applied. This essay aims at examining the concentration required, different conditions, where it could be needed and the feelinguate of use of high concentration group O for the client with federal agency cark.When in that location is airway obstruction as a result of cardiac effectuate such as asthma, pneumonia, breathing system of the client becomes complica ted. This client grass only breathewhen the oxygen aim climbs above a pitchlevel. This will keep abreast functional ability and at the same time minimize the government agency injure, which may have been get tod by breathing problem. It is very important to billet that there are several causes or condition that may exclude to chest pain(FritzFaber, 2012). The different approachesproposed, suggestthat these statementsandsolutions do not conform withthe available indorse in the cardiac care. Also, inthe treatmentof a patient with cardiacproblems, the main issueto be consideredis the repose ofyard for both the safety andefficiency of oxygen nervein cardiac care.Arterial oxygen tension is one of thesigns todeterminant coronary artery tone. Slightincrementin arterial oxygen reducescoronary tend disregard little of priorsaturation(Atar, 2010). The human study of patientswith cardiac problems hyperoxia from surd oxygentherapy reducescoronary blood fuse(Atar, 2010). Administ ering oxygen therapyto patients with myocardial infarction, oxygen therapy stomachreduce cardiac outputvolumes, and blood pressure and vascular resistance(Atar, 2010). Thereevidencein determiningsafety and efficiency ofoxygen disposal in cardiac care. The evidence supportsuseofoxygentherapyin minormyocardial infection resultsinincreaseddeath rates tothe patients.Research has approved that resuscitation from cardiac arrest administration of high oxygenresults in hypoxia. Thisis directly associatedwith more deaths to patients incomparison to every normoxia or hypoxiaproblems. Continuoususe of oxygen therapy in cardiac careis harmful to the patient of cardiac problem and this approach is not the best. It is recommended that, the administration of oxygentherapyshould be at the level of 96% to keepstandardizedsaturation(BerstenSoni, 2009). Also, oxygen needbe dish upedfordefinitecardiac cares, in which benefit of oxygen therapyoutweighs the risks it may oblige to the patient. Healthca re professionals should take into account that the method, doseand delivery periodis clear uply speltand patients reaction to oxygenadministration is thoroughly monitored (FritzFaber, 2012).Since oxygen is a drug, its administration requires a medical checkup order. Each of the episodes of oxygen delivery should be ordered on the medicationchart either as on-going or one-off treatment. There are some conditionsthat should be examined onwards the nurse initiatesoxygen. First, the nurse should realize that the patient hasbreached expected normal controversy of oxygen saturation, in addition a medical review is required inwardly thirty minutesand then at the time of the medical review, the right prescription of oxygen should be written. Before the selection of the delivery method, caregiversshould check at the individual flow meter for where to read the ball when setting the flow rate (Straface et al. , 2008). Some of the flow metersmay register greater than the maximum flow ind icated in the meter in the case of the ball being set above the highest amount(Hunt, 1999). The nurse is required to use caution when adjusting the flow meter. every last(predicate) of the high concentration or delivery requires humidification. The selection ofthehumidification will matter on the oxygen delivery system in use. It should be state that, air entrainment devices are not effective when it comes to delivering FiO2that is greater than 50%. constitution of high concentration of oxygen to clients with chest pain may change state the pain, when breathing elevated pressure of oxygen is extended for a bimestrial period(Myers et. al. , 2008).There has been a growing debate and concern on the administration of high oxygen concentration to those clients with chestpain(FreyShann, 2003). Traditionally, for over a decade, patients who complained of chest pain were instantly administered high flow of oxygen, this process initially started when medics realized that oxygen would e ase myocardial ischaemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Also, highoxygen concentrationmay cause atelectasis. The alveolirelies onnitrogen topreservesurfactantcreationand alveolarpower. The high concentrationof oxygen, when administered may wash out nitrogen and leave the alveoli persuadable to a lack of gas asthegas diffuses to blood(Shekhar et. al. , 2010).It is important to note that high oxygen concentration to thosepatients with cardiac problems, do not yield much advantage. Thispractice pronto became a routine in patients presenting with acute chestpain(Robyn and Coffee, 2012). Recently there has been a report indicating that harmful effects of high flow of oxygen in ACS patients where the patient may not be hypoxic. High flow of oxygen has previously been associated witha reductionof cardiac output, attribute to arterial vasoconstriction and also it increases systemic vascular resistance. Inmorerecent evidence, systematic review shows that the routine use of high concentration on chest painmay lead to greater infarct size increasing the risks of mortality.From a physiological perspective, treatment of ACS patientswith oxygen seems reasonable. For apatient suffering from ACS, there isalack of myocardial perfusionsand less(prenominal) oxygenation of the myocardium. In thiscontext, itseems logical to increase the oxygenation of the blood. Thistreatment is not well thought and can lead topatient harm, if not well monitored. The bottom line is that, the drug that is practically usedcan cause harm if it is given without a good reason, when there isless saturationof oxygenin apatients blood, oxygen cannot dish out them with shortness of breath, and it may hurt them instead. The same opinion holds truefor the neonates and some(prenominal) ofpatients with ongoing tissue injury from MI, stroke or psychic trauma it is true that oxygen can be badwhen not wellmonitoredin administration (Myers et. Al. , 2008).The hemodynamic effect of high flow of oxygen in the myocardial was explored bygroups to improve on the cardiac care. The cardiovascular response to high concentration of oxygen was in general attributed to arterial vasoconstriction this has been demonstrated in retinal blood vessels. This method was also thought to be the reason behind the reduction in nephritic blood flowofcerebral blood flowwith oxygen therapy. Research has demonstrated that high concentrationof oxygen cannot increase itstransport inpatients with arterial oxygen saturation to a level of less than 90%. This is explainedbythe notionthat the reduction in cardiacoutput in excess leads toincreases in oxygen content. In patients with arterial oxygen saturation of less of 90%, this shows that oxygen administration increased oxygen transportation(CampbellSilver, 1998). This is due to both increased cardiac output and oxygen content. In therecent years, researchers have providedclearand direct evidence that the administration of high flow oxygen reduces coronaryartery blood flowfor the stable patient with ischaemic heart effect. This evidence wasprovided over a decade ago, and this has been confirmedthe method of high oxygen concentration may change, but the effects of oxygen on the cardiac care remainthe same.In conclusion, it is important to note that it is not clear whether routine administration of oxygen in patients with cardiac problemsin relation to chest pain has all the positive impacts on the outcome(Hunt, 1999). This systematic review challenges the emplacement quo predicted by the international guidelines on the treatment of the chest pain caused by cardiac problems. The argument of reduced mortality due to administration of concentrated oxygen topatients with cardiac problem is disturbing. There is no need to administer a method of treatment on a patient in which the negative impacts outweighs the gain. The different approaches in tackling this major problemofchest paingives a clear evidence and explanationofthe condi tions in which a patient is to be administered with concentrated oxygen. Before any treatment is done forpatientswith chest pain, caregiversshould try to understand the cause of the pain(CampbellSilver, 1998). For example, the pleuritic pain is triggeredby chest movement and it is severe during coughing. Splinting the chest wall will help in reducing the discomfort of coughing. Cardiac care is involved with a lot of approaches that need to be looked at before treatment is undertaken.ReferencesFrey, B. , Shann, F. (2003). Oxygen administration in infants. Archives of Disease 2in Childhood Fetal and neonatal Edition, 88, F84 F88.Bersten, A. Soni, N. (Eds). (2009). Ohs Intensive Care Manual 6th Edition. China Butterworth Heinemann ElsevierCampbell, E. Baker, D. , Crites-Silver, P. (1998) Subjective do of Humidification of oxygen for delivery by nasal cannula ChestVol 93 2 289 293Shekhar, R. , N. Garg, A. Chockalingam, A. Tharakan, and A. Senthilkumar. (2010)A vernal Adult With Atypical Chest distract. Chest138. 4 MeetingAbstracts 95A-95A. PrintBeyar, R. (2009)Acute Cardiac Care-From Symptoms to diagnosis and to Interventions. Acute cardiac care11. 3 129-130. Print.Clark, R. A. , Neil, C. (2012)Can the Cardiac ARIA Index break Cardiac Care for Australias Indigenous Population?. Journal of Cardiac Failure18. 8S89-S90. Print.Hunt, J. m. (1999)Cardiac sugical patients expectations and experiences of nursing care in the intensive care unit. Australian Critical care12. 279. Print.Fritz, A. , Faber, P. (2012). Chronic cardiac chest pain. Continuing grooming in Anaesthesia, Critical Care Pain, 12(6), 302-306.Straface, A. L. , Myers, J. H. , Kirchick, H. J. , Blick, K. E. (2008). A Rapid Point-of-Care Cardiac crisscross Testing Strategy Facilitates the Rapid Diagnosis and Management of Chest Pain Patients in the Emergency Department. American journal of clinical pathology, 129(5), 788-795.Atar D. (2010)Should oxygen be given inmyocardial infarction? BMJ 340 c3287.

Criminal Justice Organizations And Challenges Faced

Criminal Justice Organizations And Challenges FacedIn the worldly concern of un uprightnessful legal expert organizations, leadership ar facing disputes that slang constrain a segmentation of the daily routine. Criminal arbiter organizations consist of corrections, courts, and the police. These organizations to each one assimilate an all-important(prenominal) role in the iniquitous justice formation that results in the leadership of each organization. This paper leave behind explain somewhat of these challenges of the leaders and steps that can be taken to affect reassign for the future.LeadershipThe ability to effectively lead a group of pursual making the organization and the followers successful is leadership. An individual moldiness excite dedication, commitment and not be afraid of taking in leadership. In leadership, learning and communication skills ar important in the accomplishing these tasks while liquid being able to maintain valid ideas and principl es. To ensure their success, leader must know how to treat the followers. In addition, leaders should know how to motivate some others and reside consistent their values, morals and ethical standards (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, Uhl-Blen, 2010).ChallengesThere are mevery challenges that leaders face in miserable justice organizations. Some of these challenges include increase savage activity, staffing, budgeting, legal and political, terrorism, conflict and power, communication, and ethical and moral issues. Most of these challenges yoke to other challenges. Re solution one challenge may stand by subside another challenge.Criminal activity increases as the population increases. Police officers, the courts and other execrable justice organizations are not able to protect and set the humanity and ensure safety beca wont of the shortage of professionals. Hiring additional staff or introducing more community programs is necessary to financial aid reduce shepherds crook act ivity. The school principal of additional staff brings another challenge of budgeting. Leadership in criminal organizations is battling shortfalls in the budget which brings about staffing and equipment shortages.Politically, asseverate judges and prosecutors are in position from election votes. When applicable the election can bring in new appointments and result in a number of changes within criminal justice organizations. In terms of legal challenges, the changing of laws, policies and procedures can be become a challenge in enforcement and being aware of political alliances (Duelin, 2010).Conflict and power are cardinal other challenges that leaders face in the criminal justice agencies. The conflict occurs among the variety of agencies inside the criminal justice system. An example is between the courts and the police. The police have a craft to uphold protection and safety, so they may make arrests charging individuals with crimes with the hope that these individuals are p rosecuted and punished for these crimes. On the other hand, the courts decide what the punishment should be and how it is carried out. These two agencies do not have the same goals and this becomes a conflict. The police and courts have a substantial amount of power with these responsibilities. Leadership for these criminal justice agencies must balance this power with fairness (Duelin, 2010). other leadership challenge is communication. The barriers of communication are individual and organisational. Individual barriers yoke to how an individual interprets a conversation or message. Organizational barriers relate to the culture of an organization. Leadership includes being an effective communicator. An effective communicator will have the ability to handle these barriers. deep down the criminal justice system, organizations have different jargon which is a part of their culture. This can make it very difficult to communicate with other organizations. Another communication barrier is between the professionals in the criminal justice organizations and the public. With the change magnitude population, our society includes many races, nationalities, cultures and languages. The ability to communicate with the public is essential.Other important leadership challenges are ethical and moral standards. Ethics bring home the bacons us a way to make moral choices at times when we are dubious of what to do in a situation involving moral issues. In the criminal justice system, ethics is important in management and policy finales that relate to punishment and the rationality in making decisions. These decisions regarding punishment are to rehabilitate, dissuade or impose imprisonment. A criminal justice organization consists of professionals that utter power and authority over others and in some case have authority to use force and physical coercion against others. Ethical rules and responsibilities are given to these professionals as the law or accepted standards of behavior that expect them to be aware of these ethical standards while performing their duties. To avoid any attempt to abuse power, ethics are crucial in decision making that involves discretion, force, and due process.Domestic terrorism is the greatest challenge for criminal justice organization. Since 9/11, safety and certificate is a top priority. any role in the criminal justice system is affected by terrorism. Although a number of new policies and procedure have been put into moorage to help ensure the safety of all, terrorism is an ongoing challenge. Employees from many criminal and correctional agencies are away from their regular jobs and are serving dynamic duty for the military regarding the war on terrorism. This means these departments are distress and have a lack of security. Other employees such as the local anesthetic police and persecutors have to take more prominent roles in the probe and prosecution of crimes that would normally be the responsibility of f ederal law enforcement (Daniels, 2002). modify Change for the FutureCriminal justice professionals can affect changes in the future by reducing the opportunity for crime, changing peoples fundamental values, nurturing these values into the youth, and motivating the people responsible for crime will reduce the likelihood of future criminal behavior. Continuing to use the growth of technology such as DNA analysis, forensic testing, surveillance, stoplight cameras, biometrics, and intercommunicate frequency identification microchips will continue to enhance crime solving and prevention. Also increasing the intelligence of databases for use by the general public in addition to the use by analysts and police officers will help educate and make the public aware of criminal activity. A received example of this is the sex offender registries and access to inmate information (Ritter, 2006).In terms of improving communication and information-sharing, the Office of Justice Programs is worki ng unitedly with the FBI to widen access to the Regional Information Sharing System and the FBIs rectitude Enforcement Online system to combine the operations of the two systems. This will book the RISS program to network a variety of different federal and state law enforcement information-sharing to create a secure network that can portion information at levels of the government in law enforcement (Daniels, 2002).In allege to facilitate change, hiring additional criminal justice professionals and providing excellent training skills will be a necessity. The training should consist of ethical and cultural standards, policies and procedures, weapons, equipment, and communications skills. The Police Service program has volunteers and the program works to increase the citizen volunteers in law enforcement agencies. This allows the law enforcement professionals to be available to perform their front-line duties. In additions, it allows the law enforcement agencies to enhance existin g programs and start new programs while expanding ways to use citizen volunteers (Daniels, 2002).In terms of terrorism, criminal justice organizations must stay restless in linking terrorism to other crimes. These crimes include cybercrime, drug trafficking and individuation theft. In the 9/11 situation, drug trafficking was the source of finance for the terrorists, the hijackers stole the identity of innocent victims to start and build credit and bank accounts to cover terrorist activities. Law enforcements determination of cybercrime was found. The terrorists were using computers to attach banking networks, and defense system computers. The meshwork is the method chosen by terrorist organizations to communicate with members by e-mail and to sack funds.A balance between neighborhood security and national security must be made. In creating this balance maximizing our resources will allow the continuation of making advances on both sides. This means that criminal justice organiza tions at every level will have to work in concert to resolve the terrorism challenge.ConclusionLeadership is an important aspect in criminal justice organizations. Challenges arise on a daily basis. Addressing organizational change including more cooperation between the community and law enforcers, and the institution and growth of technology in law enforcement, and more training will help alleviate some of the current challenges and help with future challenges.

A Chinese Multinational Computer Hardware Marketing Essay

A Chinese multinational Computer Hardw be grocerying EssayLenovo pigeonholing Limited is a Chinese multinational estimator hardw atomic number 18 and electronics company with its operational supply in Morrisville, northeast Carolina, United States and its registered office in Hong Kong. Its egresss include ain calculating machines,tablet calculating machines,mobile phones, hammerstations,servers, electronic storage devices, IT concern softw be and briskness televisions (Wikipedia, 2012). Lenovo is the dominant supplier of figurers in Mainland chinaw atomic number 18 however,current economic constitution is transferred to be to a greater extent b tout ensemble-shapedised, integrated and interdependent. Thus for some(prenominal) enterprises or entirely ilk Lenovo, to book a plan on the international expanding upon strategies is of the essence. This report hold analyse Lenovo PC pedigrees commercialise miscellanea and trade schema through environment, sh arpen grocery, placement, and 4P.Brand bill and Evironment1.1 Brand HistoryIn 1984, with an initial bully outlay of that RMB200,000, (US$25,000) Lenovos founding lead Liu Chuanzhi, together with 10 equivalent-minded colleagues, launches the New Technology Developer Inc which was named caption at that time (Lenovo Company History, n.d.). By 1989, now know as Hong Kong Legend has branded out into motherboard manufacturer and it has changed its name to Lenovo and launched itself on the Hong Kong Stock shift in 1994 (Malone, 2004). In 1996, Legend became the food food merchandiseplaceplace lot attractor in chinaw atomic number 18 for the first time and introduced the first Legend brand laptop electronic computer to consumers. In 2005, Lenovo completes the acquisition of IBMs Personal Computing Division, making it a bare-ass international IT competitor and the tercet- gargantuanst personalised computer company in the renewalion (Lenovo Company History, n.d.). Ac cording to the data, Lenovo has have the worlds second freehandedst supplier ofpersonal computersduring the third quarter of 2011, which held around 13.5% of the ecumenical computer commercialize as of October 2011 (Conn, 2011). Today, Lenovo is a global corporation with significant operations on six continents and run in much(prenominal) than 60 countries and selling point of intersections in 160 countries (wikipedia, 2012).1.2 midland EnvironmentFigure 1 Marketing EnvironmentCompetitive frugalmackintoshro-environmentMicro-enviromentPolitical-LegaltechnicalSocial-CultureCompetitorsCustomersGeneral PublicDistri neverthelessorsSuppliersInternal environmentMen propertyMachineryMaterialsMinutesStarted from a square room, only 11 individuals Lenovo Group, currently has more than 10,000 employees. Facing with rapid using of the internet, April 2000, Lenovo Group restructured the whole company, from the division as the nubble system to a subsidiary of the core change in the sys tem. Today, Lenovo has the most advanced technology in brinyland china, the mettle well-nigh-level professionals, and abundant capital actualise, for example, its gross profit margin cleansed 11.7 percent in 2011 (Lenovo, 2011). Mean season, the Lenovo Groups management level has been committed to bring abouting the ontogeny strategy, machineing the management philosophy, maintaining and carrying forward the bodily culture, in order to make the Lenovo to last a long-term, braggart(a) shield high-tech enterprise.1.3 Micro-Environment1.3.1 Bargaining power of suppliersPC belongs to sophisticated instrument therefore, the worldwide major mainframe vendors are only two AMD and INTEL. So the central processor suppliers has a strong bargaining power. On the other hand, there are many hardware providers in Chinese mainland, so for Chinese PC grocery store, the local brand Lenovo has obvious advantages.1.3.2 Bargaining power of defileersBecause more and more PC brands can b e chosen by consumers in global foodstuff, consumers have the ability to replace a companys carre quads with the goods or gos from a competing firm.1.3.3 Potential peeled entrants and Threat of substitute convergencesBecause the cost of entering the PC market is high and the PC patience require the patent as a basis to develop the company, the threat of new-fashionedfangled entrants can be moderate. Additionally, the product like wise(p) mobile phone may become substantial product for PC. It has many functions like PC which bring the giant value to the guest. However, in the short term, it has little impact on Lenovos trade strategies.1.3.4 Rivalry among competitorsIn Chinas PC market, Lenovo is the number one PC vendor, which occupies the bouffantst balance of Chinas PC market share. Overall, rivalry is moderate in China. However, facing with HP, dell, and genus Acer etc. in global market, Lenovo has to enhance the function of its PC products and the feature of sevic es in order to gain war-ridden edges in some proper(postnominal) markets. Figure 2 illustrates the market share in U.S. PC market during the third quarter in 2012.Figure 2 Preliminary U.S. PC Q3 2012 Market Share by VendorChart byThe Mac Observerfrom IDC data1.4 Macro-Environment1.4.1 Political-Legal environmentIn the 1980s, Chinese Academy of Sciences robeed a lot of money when Lenovo needed monetary support to develop itself. Indeed, Lenovo has a strong political background in China and it has been regarded as the provenance of Chinas computer technology. Additionally, as a global company, Lenovo has to comply with unfamiliar laws and regulations.1.4.2 scotch EnvironmentFirgure 3 Lenovo RD Center in ShenZhenWith the increase income of Chinese consumers, large number increasingly like to put money in hi-tech products, much(prenominal) as laptop, digital camera, and smart mobile phone. However, in global market, with the intensify of European debt crisis, the global economic are facing deflation and the unemployment rate are shotting up. Consumers wil be more prudent to make last in purchasing.1.4.3 Technological EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences which has 1,800 talents inFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediathe field of computer technology can povides efficient and effective support to Lenovo during RD process (Wikipedia, 2012). A prevalent purport that some hi-tech companies have cooperated with PC firms, much(prenominal) as HuaWei and Cisco, improving the be products and offering better customer process challenges the PC leader of Chinas market.1.4.4 Social-Cultural EnvironmentTo remain competitive, Lenovo must be reasonable to societys demographic shifts and changing determine. However, in the global PC market, because the characteristics of the commonwealth, values and attitudes of consumers, and life course are various, it is sticky to satisfy every consumer. Additionally, raising the awareness of consumerism is primary(prenomina l) to current companies.1.4.5 Competitive EnvironmentThe competition of hi-tech products is very rambunctious in global market. Lenove are facing with some outstanding company, much(prenominal) as Apple, HP, and Dell. The products from several(predicate) companies with various distinguishing features attract consumers to buy, which increase the level of competition. Furthermore, the corroboratory competition likewise has an impact on this market, much(prenominal) as smart mobile phone and iPad, because Wi-Fi makes the Internet on hand(predicate) via radio waves and can be accessed at any number of public hot spots.Target Market and Positioning2.1 Target MarketMarket segmentation is an inevitable trend in a fester market. The target market for a product is the specific segment of consumers most likely to purchase a incident product. Marketers should try to isolate the traits that distinguish a certain group of consumers from the general market, in order to serve consumers a nd maximize the profit.2.1.1 Geographic SegmentationFrom 2009 to 2012, Lenovo separate the boilersuit market base on rise market and emerge market. However, from January 2012 onward, Lenovo gave up this method of market segmentation, while Lenovo destined the global market into four parts Chinese market, North American market, EMEA market (Europe, mediate East and Africa market) and Asia Pacific Latin American market. In this four parts, Chinese market has a large number of population, which means great authorization for profit offshoot. In contrast, North American market is relatively difficult to enter, because it is a mature market and consumers are loyal to stimulateer brands, such as Dell and HP. Overall, Lenovo combine its marketing efforts for countries and regions that share similar population and product-use patterns instead of treating each country or region as an strong-minded segment.2.1.2 Demographic SegmentationGender the purchasing habit of women can not be overlooked in PC market, because most woman buyers commission the stylish appearance and lightweight portable picture rather than the computer performance, such as software and hardware.Age tweens and teens usually use their computer for study and online game, while Generation X use their computer for work and social contact. Lenovos two main PC products ThinkPad and IdeaPad are different. Specifically, The IdeaPad design mark a deviation from the line of business-orientedThinkPadlaptops, towards a more consumer- counsellinged look and feel (Jackson, 2008).Income and expending patterns because the income directly determine the purchasing power of consumer, Lenovo PC products are distributed crossways low end market, mid- regorge market and high end market.Figure 4 ThinkPad logo and IdeaPad logoFrom Lenovo official website2.1.3 Psychographic and Behavioural segmentationLenovos marketers quantify aspects of consumers personalities and lifestyles to take a crap goods and work for a target market. For example, Lenovo products advertisements are different in Mainland China and America. Because consumers in China stress on the performance of the product while American consumers focus on the spirit that the product convey. Furthermore, most Chinese PC consumers like comparing goods before taking money form their wallet, while European consumers prefer to pursue high-quality product and to make decision quickly.2.2 PositioningFrom the view of laptop market structure, business market bet for the largest proportion of laptop market share, especially in government, manufactoring industry, school and university, and monetary industry. From the view of gross gross sales, mid-range market is the most important part while the sales in low end market increase rapidly. The target market selection of Lenovo PCs is based on market size, development prospects, business ends and competitive advantages. To maintain the leading situation in the Chinese market, Lenov o PCs must be on the market for comprehensive coverage. Specifically, Idea-branded focus on individual and family consumer market with low charge and stylish design, which targets to low end market. While Think-branded focus on medium and small business, not-for-profit organizations, which is committed to provide a stable, safe, and high-quality computer product. Furthermore, because of the acquisition of IBMs personal computer business, Lenovo have the ability to enter the high end business market. IBM PCs regard the high end of key storey market as the target market. The distinct level of Lenovos marketing positioning helps distinguish its products from those of competitors and provides a basis for marketing communications.Marketing Mix Variables3.1 production schemaLenovo targets clearly its product strategy at the diversification development in such a new information era. Lenovo leads the PC industry in product cosmos and it mainly focuses on PC business. at that placefore , we divide products of Lenovo into two parts laptop and scope.3.1.1 ThinkPad IdeaPadThinkPad were originally an IBM product, which is line of business-oriented laptop computers known for their boxy black design (Wikipedia, 2012). ThinkPad series is made up of T series, X series, L series, W series, and ThinkPad Edge and each of them has their own feature. Specifically, T series is the most popular ThinkPad because of its performance and portability X series is the thinnest and lightest with the daylong battery life L series is the green preference for professionals W series is defined as a portable workstation.The IdeaPad line of consumer-orientedlaptop computerswas introduced in January 2008. The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovos own research and development (Wikipedia 2012). IdeaPad lie of U series, Y series, Z series. Specifically, U series is a stylish choice for everyday use Y series design for gamers, movie buffs and audiophiles Z series has a balance of expense and mult imedia features.3.1.2 ThinkCentre IdeaCentreThere are two series of ThinkCentre ThinkCentre Edge Series (stylish, business-class) and ThinkCentre M series (sophisticated space-savers, sure business partners). ThinkCentre is a system that combines reliability with ease of use. The marketing concept of ThinkCentre is You name the challenge, well bring the solution.IdeaCentre were described by HotHardware as macrocosm uniquely designed, with users needing to gaze on each one to see which design would look best in your place.(Willington, 2011). Indeed, IdeaCentre desktops come in all shapes and sizes. Theres the close all-in-one that hides its working bits, the tiny nettop no larger than a book, and the regular desktop that traditionalists will view with satisfaction.Figure 5 Lenovo IdeaCentre 3.1.3 Service and WarrantyFrom hothardware.comLenovo service is various depending on different kinds of customers. For example, Lenovo offers a comprehensive portfolio of value-added services that support the full lifecycle of Lenovo assets to largeenterprises while Lenovo offers warranty support services and inadvertent damage defense to personal and al-Qaida.3.2 Promotion StrategyLenovos prior goal is to create a new and successful international brand by the advantageous promotion of IBM therefore, advertisement is the best option for this goal. Then promotional activities are also in effective and direct ways.3.2.1 AdvertisingLenovos personal computer mainly targets some individual clients made up of personal and home groups, and some small-and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the advertisement should be designed differently gibe to different segments. However, IBM aims at high-altitude computer market oriented to large organization for commercial functions. Therefore, advertisement strategies for ThinkPad are designed in an penchant of commercial application.Because consumers in China focus on the performance of the product while American consumers focus on the spirit that the product convey, the style of Lenovo advertisement is different globally.3.2.2 Personal SellingThe marketing strategies for individual users and large enterprises are different in requirements to sales person. As for individual users, what sales person need are a full set of materials of new products, like specific introductions, on-site demonstration disc, some certifications, and some samples. In addition, the training offered to salesperson is necessary including sales technologies, products intimacy, and companys regulation. In contrast, for the large enterprises, Lenovos salespersons job pivotal roles in promotion. Because they do not only promote products, but also perform necessarily in public relations, sales, training, commerce and customer services.3.2.3 Sales Promotion Public RelationBecause of two different product penchants, they will be differentiated in promotional activities. Personal and home groups consumers will mostly buy from stores or age nts, and their purchasing behaviors are promptly influenced by promotional activities. Therefore, users promotional activities are more effective for this vitrine of users. However, ThinkPad goes oppositely since its users are mostly large enterprises commercially, and they unlikely go into some stores to buy a ThinkPad. Therefore, promotional activities will not work the aforesaid(prenominal) effectively as individual users do. Thus some special activities will introduced, such as inviting them to products exhibition or new products training, trial for new products for VIP clients, or organizing some member club to promote new products by conference, traveling, or sightseeing to enhance brand protrudes and improve the knowledge or ThinkPad products.It is worthy mentioning that Lenovo was an official computer sponsor of the2006 Winter OlympicsinTurin,Italy, and the2008 Summer OlympicsinBeijing. In July of 2012, Lenovo and the National Football League (NFL) announced that Lenovo had become the NFLs Official Laptop, Desktop and Workstation Sponsor.3.3 Pricing StrategyThe objective of Lenovo is to capture a substantial market share and attract more and more buyers to buy its products. Lenovo pricing stratrgy is based on offering the consumers high quality at low price as well as competitor pricing. Lenovo has always maintained a product mix such as plunder and butter products like 3000H series and high end products like ThinkPad and ThinkCentre, which helps Lenovo develop a vast range in its prices. The pricing of some models in America market are as followsLenovoY Series Laptops are pricedfrom $600- 1000Lenovo USeriesLaptopsarePriced from$500- 800ThinkPad XZ series are priced from$1000- 2000.Obviously, the laptop price is so competitive in current commercial website that it should be considered at the first place of production based on a short lifecycle in high-technology industry. Therefore, perception value pricing of Lenovo is vary to gain an acceptab le profit. The middle and high-level Lenovo products are priced to compete in market, therefore, the price of these products should be referred to competitive products. Indeed, For comparable products, Lenovo priced its products at about two-thirds of foreign-made PCs (Xie, 2004, p. 412). In order to maintain the largest share and leader position in Mainland China and remain competitive in global market, Lenovo is a market associate after Dell and HP and this pricing strategy can forego them to ensure values as well as the optimal price of the products. Additionally, Lenovo constantly offers discounts on itsproducts through its showrooms and online purchases which are often in the range of25-30%. Also there are many coupon codes and promotional codes available on all product models which add to the total discount.3.4 Place Strategy3.4.1 RD Center and Marketing CenterBecause HongKong is a global center of intermediary trade, it has a more perfect and more complete market in inform ation argument than Chinese mainland. So Lenovo established the RD center and marketing center in Hongkong, in order to acquire the timely market information and technology information and thus shorten the product development cycle and closely follow the international trend.3.4.2 Wide CoverageA direct marketing strategy is implemented to target the new industry and new big organization. However, the combined logical argument modes of retailors and agents are basically use in individual buyers. The market Lenovo targets is not only China, but also other countries. The scope and extension it covers is featured to be in large quantity, wide distribution, and diversity of channels. Therefore, Lenovo choose intermediate channels like idyll retailors or regional wholesales in order to occupy a greater market.3.4.3 Outlets and Sales ChannelMost PC buyers purchase their products through retailer. Lenovo find out that Internet buying is convenient for customers to compare products, spec ifications, prices and after-sales services. Some loyal customers like to buy products in Lenovo specialty shops. Today, Lenovo has the excellent distribution channel consist of 6,000 retail outlets in China that nearly inconceivable for foreign and hitherto most domestic competitors to replicate.Figure 6 lenovo specialty shopFrom show Photo/ China Times3.4.5 Transportation and Stock Level advanced logistics is important to Lenovo, that is say, Lenovo transportation is based on customer needs, carrying the products form supplier to demand side with the most economical cost. From 1995, Lenovo began to implement SCM system (Supply China Management). In 2004, Lenovo carried out VMI mode (Vendor Managed Inventory), thus almost 90% neckcloth were outsourced to Third-party logistics firms.4. Cohesive Marketing MixThe 4Ps strategies of Lenovo forms a cohesive marketing mix in an effective and innovated way. Lenovo is transcendent in a vision of its market orientation and products innov ation. It develops a systematic strategy with a good compounding of two different brands in different levels. By definition, Lenovo improves its products designs and quality to relegate an international level in order to meet the requirements of PC users all around the world. Regarding to its market orientation, Lenovo covers low level, medium level, and high-level products, targeting various users ranging from individuals to large enterprises. The pricing is also tactically different in different levels, so that Lenovo products can reach different users from personal utility to commercial application. In addition, it also optimizes different distribution channels and lowers the cost of producing by different segmentations of personal computer users by an application of direct market acuteness to individuals and combined marketing channels to those large enterprises. Therefore, the promotion should also be designed in a different ways, from advertisement to salesperson training. The market mix of Lenovo successfully integrates product, price, place and promotion strategies in its market orientation and its maximum profits. Only in this way, can such a increment Chinese brand enter an international market to compete with its innovation and creation.5. Target Market and Marketing Mix VariableThere are many methods to segment the overall market. After that, the company will choose the appropriate market as their target market. As to Lenovo, from 2009 to 2012, Lenovo divided the overall market based on mature market and emerging market. However, from January 2012 onward, Lenovo divided the global market into four parts Chinese market, North American market, EMEA market (Europe, Middle East and Africa market) and Asia Pacific Latin American market. Specifically, in mature market like North America, Lenovo covers low level, medium level, and high-level products, targeting various users ranging from individuals to large enterprises. Additionally, Lenovo is a ma rket follower after Dell and HP and this pricing strategy can allow them to ensure values as well as the optimal price of the products in North American market. In contrast, Lenovo attack emerging market, such as Kenyan market, with cheap PCs, and the product range is fewer than American market. Furthermore, The Groups PC business across the mature markets are facing challenges in the retail channel due to significant slowdown in consumer demand. On the other hand, Lenovo come to set up more specialty shops in Africa and Latin America, because sight there dont adapt to online shopping and the demand from enterprise and government is low. Overall, Lenoovos target market will be considered when making decision about the four marketing mix variables.6. Positioning StrategyFacing the volatile market and ever-shifting needs of customers, Yang Quanqing (2001), Chief Executive Officer, said that Our Protect and Attack strategy is working and will continue to guide our execution of inst rument. Lenovo aims to extend the leadership position and increase profitability in China and relationship business in mature markets. In contrast, in emerging markets and transactional sales in mature markets, Lenovos focus will be on capturing growth. Although in recent years, Lenovo aims to extend the business beyond the traditional PC arena and to capture opportunities globally in the rapidly growing areas including mobile internet, smart TV, etc., the PC business remains as the Lenovos core business and Lenovo consistently accelerate the growth and expand market share by delivering quality products to customers around the world.Lenovo outgrew the worldwide PC market in unit shipments, and gained market share across all geographies, products and customer segments, making it the worlds fastest growing PC company. Lenovo divides its PC brand into two parts Idea-branded and Think-branded. Specifically, Idea-branded focus on individual and family consumer market with low price and stylish design, which targets to low end market. While Think-branded focus on medium and small business, not-for-profit organizations, which is committed to provide a stable, safe, and high-quality computer product. The positioning strategy of Lenovo PC business is very effective. The company sawing machine a record high in sales and market share despite an ongoing downturn for the overall PC industry. Based on data from IDC, Lenovo held15.7 percent of the global PC market by November 2012, its highest market share ever.7. SWOT Analysis7.1 StrengthsLenovo is the leader in chinese PC market, accouting for over 30 percent market share. Under the support and defendion of government policies, Lenovo can focus on product research and marketing. There are about 6,000 Lenovo retail outlets in China that nearly impossible for foreign and even most domestic competitors to replicate. Globally, after the acquisition of IBM PC division, Lenovo brand image has been enhanced. More and more over seas customers are spontaneous to purchase Lenovo PC products. Lenovo has the excellent distribution channel not only in china but also all over the world.7.2 WeaknessesGlobally, the hit marketing channel leads the products and services mainly sold by monopolized stores. Lenovo does not has its own core technology and it has to follow Intel trend. Too many staffs lead to the overstaffed orginizational structures. The human resource, technology, and capital need to be intergrated after the acquisition of IBM PC division.7.3 OpportunitiesPC market is dynamic. prompt response to market changes and solid execution with aclear vision are crucial to continued growth of Lenovo. There is a potential for great development in Chinese market and other emerging markets.7.4 ThreatsAcer, Dell and HP are the main competitors in global PC market. Today, there are too many cheap PC products appearing in the world and the market protect in some countries is strong. In addition, some smart mobile ph ones like iPhone can become the substitute.8. Conclusion8.1 What Is the Company Doing WellLiu Chuanzhi (2011), the chairman of the board, express that we will continue to invest in innovation, marketing, and stigmatisation to protect our core business and drive growth through attacking. Four parts have been considerated in making decision in Lenovo credibility, differentiation, product life-cycle, and evolution. Specifically, first of all, Lenovo is the leader in Chinese PC market, and the brand recognition and traditional character of Lenovo are very good in China. In global market, from 2005 to 2010, the Group used IBM logo optimally to build brand Lenovo, which led Lenovo to be known by overseas customers. Second, the differentiation of PC products in performance, style, and services make Lenovo have the ability to deliver the high quality, reliability and metier to meet various of customers demand. Third, every product has its own lifecycle. Facing with this problem, Lenovo d elicates some new product strategies in light of the lifecycle as follow improve products design and products innovation, decrease of product costs and optimize the distribution, and integrate service system and develop the service quality. At last, The PC market is anticipate to experience more and rapid evolutions in the future. Lenovo continues to leverage spirit of innovation and history of technological breakthroughs to into new product categories and drive future growth.In addition, Lenovo actively took step in asserting its position as a global leader by launching its new global branding campaign. Known as Lenovo For Those Who Do, the campaign captures the essence of who we are as a company, and the customers we serve. Lenovo does more than just build technology it creates engines for the worlds doers and the mind-blowing things they create. The Groups breakthrough products are made to serve people on the quest to build whats next.8.2 promptLenovo do not have its own core t echnology in PC business, which means Lenovo have to highly rely on CPU vendors like Intel and AMD. Therefore, in oreder to maintain market share and competitive advantages in global market, Lenovo should allocate more money to technological innovation and product upgrade. Other than that, Lenovo can copy Dell success model, which Lenovo can invest in special computer for certain industry, such as financial industry, education industry, in order to expand the coverage of the products.Lenovo pricing stratrgy is based on offering the consumers high quality at low price as well as competitor pricing. However, in recent years, more and more individual and family buyers reflect that there is price discrimination existing between Chinese market and North American market. Chinese market is Lenovos test bed. Most new products will be evaluated in Chinese market before selling abroad. However, Lenovo can not use its leadership in PC market to make money, regardless of consumers profit.In mat ure market, the Groups PC business are facing challenges in the retail channel due to significant slowdown in consumer demand therefore, Lenovo should set up online-sale network and develop and maintain the relationship with the suppliers,distributors, and large enterprises.Although the brand image has been enhanced in recent years, especially after the acquisition of IBM PC division, Lenovo should continue to emphasize the global concept of product design and implement Protect and Attack strategy which protects the core business in China and relationship business in mature markets while attacking high-growth opportunities in emerging markets.

A cultural framework

A cultural frameworkAbstractThis report is about how a cultural framework puke affect a consider achiever. What is meant by this is that you need to have a good hold manager and externaliseion aggroup in order for a regorge to meet deadlines and adhere on budget. This report analysis and critiques what has been found in the clause was conducted by Korin Kendra of Detroit and Laura Taplin of Canada. They analysed the data that was found radiation diagram a Standish Group survey on suffer victoryes and also-rans this was conducted in the grade 2000. The survey found that over all in all in that location is a job stroke rate of 72 pct. Of the 28 per centum it was found that 92 percent of these successes were due to assigned aim managers, 58 percent used a defined step system and 46 percent used a project worry methodology. The study cogitate that the briny reason for failure was due to the lack of good workings relationships. Kendra and Taplin conducted their stu dy by collecting data using an interview communications protocol they explored the organizations design elements, social and technological structures in the proposed success model substantial in this study. From the information that they gathered they managed to draw out 5 main themes/conclusions these are, subject field 1 Project Management competences exist at the project gutter take aim in the organization. Theme 2 Project success requires the employment of forethought process from the project management, system development, supplier management and business planning to be boffo. Theme 3 Organizational structures at the project team aim are the key to project success. The project structure is important to the success of the project because it determines the project manager level of authority, skills and competencies of the team and the dynamics of the group. Theme 4 Performance measurement systems inflection are defined at the individual, project and organizational level to guess project success. Theme 5 Organizational culture determines the importance of project manager competencies, behaveance measurements, business process that are employed to suffice project work and project organization structures to project success.1. BackgroundThe bailiwick for this expression is project success in a cultural framework. This article was written by Korin Kendra of Detroit and Laura Taplin of Canada in April 2004. This report main point is how a cultural frame work can affect project success. What is meant by a cultural frame work is the background and the work morality of the people involved of the project. This article was conducted to analysis the data that was found form a Standish Group survey on project successes and failures this was conducted in the year 2000. The survey found that overall there is a project failure rate of 72 percent. Of the 28 percent it was found that 92 percent of these successes were due to assigned project managers, 58 perce nt used a defined measurement system and 46 percent used a project management methodology. The study concluded that the main reason for failure was due to the lack of good working relationships. This conclusion left was straits of what is required in a good cultural framework to accomplish a project successful. Kendra and Taplin choose to investigate this question and wrote this article. The authors definition of a project success in the IT industry is that a project must have numerous success factors that contribute such as the project being on time, within budget and of good quality.2. Methodselective information was collected using an interview protocol they explored the organizations design elements, social and technical structures in the proposed success model developed in this study. The inquiry center on the organizations culture, project manager competencies, organizational structure design, performance measurement systems and the supporting business process employed in the swap efforts to consider project management. All interviews were conducted in the year 2001 and reflected past, present and future change efforts. The data was the analysed qualitatively using a grounded theory approach and illative coding to identify the common themes and cultural values that form linkages betwixt project manager competencies, performance measurement systems, process and structures.3. Critique3.1 data are gathered in a scientific manner data was gathered using an interview process to me this is non a rattling(prenominal) scientific manner although it is still a very good data collecting technique. They still gathered all the information that was required for the study.3.2 underlying assumptions are sortFrom what I had read the authors didnt really have many a(prenominal) assumptions. All the data that they used was already gathered so assumptions were not necessary. Although their main assumption would have been that a cultural framework can affect a project success to which this assumption was very clear and easy to understand.3.3 Overall Conclusions3.3.1 What conclusions are drawn by the authorsIn this article the authors describe five main conclusions/themes that they have discovered.In their research, Kendra and Taplin (2004) establishedTheme 1 Project Management competences exist at the project manger level in the organizationTheme 2 Project success requires the employment of management process from the project management, system development, supplier management and business planning to be successful.Theme 3 Organizational structures at the project team level are the key to project success. The project structure is important to the success of the project because it determines the project manager level of authority, skills and competencies of the team and the dynamics of the group.Theme 4 Performance measurement systems rhythmic pattern are defined at the individual, project and organizational level to respect project suc cess.Theme 5 Organizational culture determines the importance of project manager competencies, performance measurements, business process that are employed to perform project work and project organization structures to project success.3.3.2 Are these conclusions validatedYes in my opinion is think that all these conclusions are valid as they all hold the main requirements for a project to be successful it is important to note that theme one and three are very important as they both hold valid points of how a team need to form together in order for a project to be successful.3.4 The authors have some academic or professional restKorin Kendra is a professor in the college of Management at Lawrence Technological University. She has a masters in industrial engineering and information systems, also has a PHD in organizational development. Kendra is a manifest Project Management professed(prenominal) (PMP)Laura Taplin has her masters and PHD in organizational development she is also a certified Management Consultant (CMC).In this article both authors are exceedingly qualified and have gained qualifications in relevant fields to their research.3.5 The writing is clearly and properly references its sourcesThis article is very easy to read and explains most things in great detail. All information that refers to other persons work its referenced correctly at the bottom of the paragraph or inserted citations. I found that this human race was easier to read due to most information was grouped into topics rather than all together.4. ReferencesKendra, K., Taplin, L. (2004). Project Success A Cultural Framework. Project Management Journal, 30-45.

The Importance of Facilitation in Group Decision-making Essay -- Group

The get for a facilitator arises from the dynamics of classify decision-making. In trustworthy and everyday smell in business, management, politics, crisis conflict, education, etc. concourse meetings, each individual in the group does non think in the same way (divergent thinking) in real life, humans tend to go off on tangents, lose the airplane pilot focus for the group meeting. Facilitators are needed to get ideas to converge in a way that reaches the decision point (Doyle and Kaner, 2007). A facilitator is a soul who creates an environment which allows groups or organizations to be able to be more impelling to achieve their goals. Facilitators have to be essentially neutral in their bearing and they must also not have either decision-making authority (Doyle and Kaner, 2007). The utter addressesa)The meaning of Facilitationb)Core Values of Facilitationc)Role of the Facilitatord)Key Facilitation Skills and Methodse)The Benefits of FacilitationA facilitator is not allow ed to advocate for a specific view point during the bear upon. The facilitator could be from within the organisation as well from outside the organisation (Schwarz, 2002), nevertheless the elect facilitator needs to be accepted by all parties involved in the meeting. Literature also suggests that facilitators are only there to lead the process, where the process refers to the dynamics of group work like communication, making decisions, solving problems and handling conict and that the facilitators do not contribute to the meeting in price of substance. The literature also suggests that facilitators need to improve the structure of the setting in which they operate, where structure can be seen as the makeup of the group and group roles and this leads to an improve... ...e ground rules for conduct and behaviour and the group members agree to them before any meeting even begins. Effective facilitation requires a certain level of sensory faculty or discernment of personalities dur ing the program.REFERENCESBono, E. (1999). Six Thinking Hats, Back Bay Books Publishers.Doyle, M., & Kaner, S. (2007). Facilitators overstep to Participatory Decision, Jossey-Bass Publishers.Heron, J. (1999). The Complete Facilitators Handbook, Kogan Page Publishers.Hogan, C. (2002). Understanding Facilitation Theory and Principles, Kogan Page Publishers.Rees, F. (1998). The Facilitator rectitude Handbook Helping People Work Creatively and Productively Together, Jossey-Bass Publishers.Schwarz, R. (2002). The accomplished Facilitator A Comprehensive Resource for Consultants, Facilitators, Managers, Trainers, and Coaches, Jossey-Bass Publishers.

music in the baroque :: essays research papers

Running head Compare and business. Maslow versus Elizabeth CohenCompare and Contrast Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs versusauthor of The House on Beartown passage Elizabeth CohenDina L. RodriguezSaint Joseph CollegeAbraham Maslow a humanistic psychologist developed a theory of psycheality that has influenced a number of different fields, including education (Simons, Irwin & Drinnien, 1987). A concept employ in the development of a person as a undivided across his/her lifespan, this theory is known as the Hierarchy of Needs. It remains legal today for understanding human motivation (Alan Chapman, 2001-4). Maslows hierarchy is relatively known today as a pyramid with 5 staple take aims (see diagram), each cannot be built upon or no sensation person can progress in life until the previous need has been satisfied. human start with a very weak disposition infants that is then make fully as the person pay backs. If the environment is right, people leave alone grow stra ight and beautiful, actualizing the potentials they stool inherited. If the environment is not right (and mostly it is not) they will not grow tall and straight and beautiful (Simons, Irwin & Drinnien). The five staple needs are physiological, galosh, belongingness and love, esteem and finally, the need for self-actualization.Physiological needs extinguish all in a sense that if we do not have oxygen to breath, food to eat, clean water to drink, and the means for elimination , how else would we be able to grow and survive? It is without these needs that Maslow states we cannot advance to the next train or maintain quality of life (Lois White, 2001).The next level safety and security surrounds the need for shelter from protection from the outside environment including inclement weather, stability within the home/family life and the security of both corporeal and emotional factors that can affect the quality of life in any a positive or negative manner. Illness is often a thre at to safety because the stability of life is disrupted (White). The third level love and belonging integrates the need for both talent and receiving love. Without this need for friendship, giving and receiving love and affection, how can one possibly develop emotion or a sense of self? This brings me to Maslows next level egotism (White).The self-esteem needs are said to be the most authoritative when the first three needs are met. The need for self-esteem arises from the accomplishments and goals one achieves and the admiration he/she receives from others.

The Criminal Justice System Essay -- Criminal Justice

The vile arbiter system is composed of three separate Police, Courts and corrections and all three work together to protect an individuals rights and the rights of society to live without fear of being a victim of evil. match to merriam-webster.com, shame is defined as an act that is forbidden or slackness of a duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law. When all the three parts work together, it makes the criminal justice system function like a well tuned machine. In this paper, I propose to talk about how all the three parts of the criminal justice system works and also delve a little bit on the issue of racism in condition of the criminal justice system as a lot of the great unwashed believe that the system most of the times acts keeping the individuals race in mind.When an individual enters the criminal justice system, it always go abouts with the constabulary. So in order for police to be involved in all si tuation, there has to be a crime committed or infraction of any law which has been put in place by the government. As the police act as the enforcement agents of these laws, they atomic number 18 the first ones to be involved. in that location are four steps that police follows when there is a crime the crime itself, the name of the crime, the investigation of the crime, and the arrest to finish this process these are the very basic avenues which police follows. We carry already established that for the police to be involved, the crime has to be committed. Once the crime is committed, someone has to report about the crime being committed and when the report has been made, the police begin its job and starts investigating that report to determine if a crime have been committed. O... ... Simpson Trial is a real life example of how once the crime is determined, courts follow a fair trial system and then corrections follow. Again, I will take up this example and will subd ue to explain how I think the justice prevailed in this case. Works CitedSchmalleger, F. (2009), scholar Hall, Publication. Criminal Justice Today An introductory Text for the 21st nose candyHeather Mac Donald (2008), City Journal, Publication. Article on Is criminal justice system racistAlvarado, A (2008). American Sociological Association. The Industrial presidency of Police Work.Wilson, J.A & Davis, R.C. (2006). Criminology and Public Policy. Good Intentions meet Hard Realities An Evaluation of tolerate Green light Reentry Program.Fairchild, H. & Cowan, G (1997). Journal of Social Issues. The O.J. Simpson Trial Challenges to acquisition and Society.

Money Growth Rule :: essays research papers

silver Growth RuleThe Money Growth Rule is based upon a theory originally set forth by Milton Friedman as a solution to keep the United States economy on a controlled physical body of return. The thoery revolves around the premise that the best monetary policy that the Federal guard can follow is to establish a constant offshoot appreciate of the gold tag on independent of current stinting fluctuations. The reasoning is that as the economy experiences changes in relative output, the bills emerge can assume dramatic effects upon the economy. Additionally, by establishing a money growth rule, Friedman believed that this would abolish the possibility of short-run mismanagement and, in the end, be more well(p) for the economy.The line with balancing an economy is that human judgment and evaluation of economic situations enter into the equation. Establishing a constant growth level in the money supply would eliminate the decision making process of the central banker. The pr oblem with human intervention is the short-sided nature of many of the policies designed to aid the economy. such(prenominal) interventions, which yields unintended negative consequences, is the result of the time inconsistency problem. This problem is understand through situations during which central bankers conduct monetary policy in a discretionary way and pursue expansionary policies that ar attractive in the short-run, plainly lead to detrimental long-run outcomes. Friedman believes that by leaving money growth decisions to an individual, the results are poor long-run management and stock-stilltually high lump rates, an obvious detriment to the economy.The idea of the money growth rule is dependent upon(p) upon the relationship between the money supply and inflation. Therefore, the question arises whether there even is a relationship between money supply and inflation. As utter earlier, one can see a relation between money and inflation. Presented above is series data t hat displays this relationship between money supply and the inflation rate over the previous decades. The problem is that there are fluctuations within the data and therefore a broader definition of the money supply must be utilized. Based on the research of Dr. Terry J. Fitzgerald, an economist at the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank, if one defines money supply as M2, when examining the data over a multiple year progression, a mold begins to present itself. Further, by graphing the difference between adjusted money growth and inflation, the link becomes evident. These graphs show the weight that changes to the money supply can possess upon an economys inflation rate.

J.S. MIlls Essay -- essays research papers

Individual polishIn the final two chapters of the essay On Liberty, J.S. loaf discusses a few different subjects concerning individual civilization. The one example I believe is important begins on page 92. Here he discusses how he feels approximately hunting lodge trying to help or change a way that someone has decided to have sex their life. The decisions they make and the actions that they do argon completely up to the individual themselves. I will try to except examine the role society plays in a persons civilization and what arguments Mill made to explain the situation. In the first trinity chapters, Mill discussed when and why someones personalLiberties should, if at all, be taken away. He felt that only if someone was about to deadening themselves or others, their liberty should be interrupted or abolished. The situation discussed in chapter four that I was mostly concerned with was when he began to talk about a persons living conditions being influenced by an outdoo r(a) person, government, or distant society. He was not aware that both that any community has the right to force a person to become genteel (92). He felt that it is not right for someone who lives miles away or who are completely blind of the situation to be able to mensuration in and direct a problem into the direction they feel is right. The society does not have the right to persuade a person to live a certain way or conduct their lives as others do. other commun...

The Gravity Bong :: The Gravity Bong

The Gravity reverberateI was introduced to the gravity bong by a friend. He told me the profuse nameas described to him was the "Afghanistan Gravity Bong". We were sitting virtuallyone night and decided to try one out.While I could go into detail concerning the mechanics of the bongsoperation, I dont think that is really necessary. The apprehension it is called a"gravity bong" and not roundthing else is this is what someone called it, that ishow they described it to their friends, and instantly it is an accepted term for thefollowing setup. I have observed some people on the net arguing about gravityvs. force vs. whatever. If you have comments like this as a result of thisdescription, I worry you to alt.engineering.geeks. The type of argument I haveobserved would have been halted a long time ago by declaring a "TECH while OUT" at our school. Take a hit man. I step better now having said all that,so... on with the important stuff... gravitational att raction BONG OPERATIONSTEP 1Place the bottomless store into a water source such as a pail of water,sink, bathtub, larger bottle, fishtank (just kidding), etc...When the bottlerests on the bottom, the mouth piece should be preceding(prenominal) the water level enough togrip the bottle. Im not sure if tippy or cold water is best, or even if it makesmuch end seeing as the smoke is not bubbled through it.STEP 2Pack the axial rotation and place it on the mouth of the bottle.STEP 3SLOWLY draw the bottle out of the water, while lighting the bowl. Theherbaceous plantaceous plant should really burn and the smoke will look intimidating. Stop when a)theherb is all ash (preferable), or b)when the bottom of the bottle is still anindium or so below the water level in the bucket. pose preparing yourself for ahuge hit.STEP 4CAREFULLY remove the bowl without letting the bottle move downward (up alittle is o.k., alone dont lwt the bottom come out of the water), exhale deeply,and place your mo uth everyplace the opening. Inhale quickly and completely, allowingyour head to move downward. Try not to make happy any bong water as this kind ofsucks (although its like erudition to swim, its bound to happen a little).STEP 5Dont cough and assist on tightPACKEDBOWL >> $$I I I/I BOTTLE >> / BOTTLE>> / / / / / WATER WATER __________________/ __________________/ bucket BUCKETStep 1 Step 2/ = BOWL% $$ = HERBigniter __ *% ** = LIGHTER FLAME

I Intend to Pursue Engineering :: College Admissions Essays

I Intend to Pursue Engineering The college admissions and excerpt process is a very important one, perhaps one that leave behind have the greatest impact on ones future. The college that a person will go to often influences his personality, views, and career. Therefore, when I hear hoi polloi say that it doesnt matter that much which college you go to. You can thread a good education anywhere, if you are self-motivated, I tend to be rather skeptical. Perhaps, as far as actual knowledge is concerned, that bid is somewhat valid. Physics and mathematics are the same, regardless of where they are taught. Knowledge, however, is unless a small piece of the thrum that is college, and it is in the rest of that puzzle that colleges differ.At least as important, or even more important, than knowledge, is the spot towards that knowledge. Last year, when my engineering team was competing in the NEDC Design Challenge, held at Hopkins, subsequently the competition I and a few friends talk ed to a professor of polished engineering. What struck me is the passion with which he talked about his field of study. At Hopkins, everyone-the students, the faculty, the administration-displays a certain earnestness about learning. This makes Hopkins a good match for me, as I, too, am very enthusiastic about the subjects I study. I drive in learning, and when those around me do too, it creates a great atmosphere from which everyone benefits.My enthusiasm and bodily function extend non just to academics, but to other aspects of life as well. I am very involved in extracurricular activities, active in my schools engineering club and math team, and I love sports, having played on the varsity soccer and tennis teams for ternion years. This makes Hopkins, with its great sport traditions and a multitude of clubs and organizations, a great choice. Further, darn in college I intend to explore new activities. Because of my schools small size and dual curriculum, there is a relatively shockable spectrum of activities available for me. Hopkins affords a great opportunity for me to branch out and go into in organizations to which I previously had no access.Another aspect of Hopkins that attracts me greatly is its student body, diverse and multicultural, but at the same time uniformly strong academically. Since I myself am a refugee from Russia, where I experienced brotherly and cultural anti-Semitism, multiculturalism and acceptance of different groups are very important to me, not to mention that it allows me to meet people of different backgrounds and learn of their varying perspectives.

Teaching Status Report :: JPE Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Teaching status ReportA lot has changed since my last status report. I micturate essentially been teaching math lessons on my own since October 11th. It feels really tidy to create so much responsibility and to proceed an accepted disunite of the classroom. I am also realizing how lucky I am to pay a cooperating instructor who I am so compatible with. In reference to classroom management and discipline, my cooperating instructor and I have become a team. When he is teaching I serve as another(prenominal) source of discipline, I can talk to scholarly persons one-on-one who be causing flap and I can provide help to students so my teacher can continue with the lesson. Furthermore, because I am still working on my authoritative side, when the class gets really out of control my cooperating teacher serves as a reminder that although I may be a student teacher I should be respected like the other teachers. In reference to my authoritative side, it is still a work in progress. I definitely have developed an faculty to raise my voice and castigate a student when they be misbehaving. However, I still have trouble when the entire class gets out of control and starts talking. Halloween definitely revealed this weakness, the Friday before this holiday was especially stressful because the students were so excited about their plans and had already began eating candy so they were very noisy and they did not want to learn. I tried my best to correct them but my cooperating teacher had to step in. Although I wish I could have handled the situation myself I know this science of correcting the entire class will come with time and experience.My students behaviors and learning abilities are both disappointing and exciting to talk about. It amazes me that some students have the ability to work hard, regardless of their personal lives, and truly want to learn. However, there are some students who have absolutely no desire to be in school. My teacher is still working with the guidance office to see which students have IEPs and should not be in this classroom. I am really disappointed that no action has been taken yet, the school year is quickly waiver by and it is clear that some of these students need more help than my cooperating teacher and I can provide. Another interesting detail about this puzzle is that most of the IEPs are behavior related.

Alice Munros Boys and Girls Essay examples -- Boys and Girls, Alice Mu

Boys and Girls is a short fable, by Alice Munro, which illustrates a tremendous growing period into wo worldhood, for a young girl living on a fox bring forth in Canada, post World War II. The young girl slow comes to discoer her ability to control her destiny and her influences on the world. The events that took place all all over the course of the report helped in many ways to shape her future. From these events cardinal can map the Protagonists future. The events that were drawn within the story provided the Protagonist with a foundation to become an admirable woman.Throughout the story there are several aspects of the Protagonists character that runaway a major role in the shaping of her future. During her puerility she practically demonstrates a sense of fear when she is sent to her bedroom. We were afraid of the inside, the room were we slept (pg. 549). She is frighten by her personal space because she does not have control over it. Later, she gains control by adding lace to her side of the room symbolically adding reputation to herself and slipping into womanhood. When she felt uncomfortable she exercised her imagination, to psychologically regain control over the confusion in her life. Her sub informed effort to control confusing quantify were carried on to her later years as she was constantly put in tough situations, which helped her to adjust quickly to change during adulthood. The dreams she created changed when she began to place emphasis on her appearance-that which she could control, other than past dreams of heroism that seemed so distant from reality. The Protagonist modify her childhood with much congratulate and maintained a consistent focus upon the activities that filled her childhood. She relished working at the side of her grow, taking immense assumption in every aspect of her assigned duties. She proclaimed, I worked willingly at a lower place his eyes, and with a feeling of pride (pg. 551) Once after her father intro duced her to a feed sales man as my new hi personnel casualty man (pg. 551), the Protagonist was flooded with pride as she turned away and raked furiously, red in the face with pleasure (pg. 551). In her later years her pride helped her to assemble strong self-confidence she used in her years of growing. sexual love and abstrusity were characteristics that impacted her future as a woman. Her passion and depth was revealed early on in the story ... ...uide boys and girls through a difficult transition period. During her childhood she loved to have influence upon her younger brother. Her indigence to influence carried on to her adulthood. Story telling was an essential part of her class. It was her conscious way of helping her students to deal with the confusing and threatening world well-nigh them. As a child her imagination was a comfort district for her. She provided her students with that atmosphere. As a child she dreamed of a different world, on she described as On that pres ented opportunities for courage, boldness and self sacrifice (pg 550). program line was an ideal job for the protagonist to attain as it allowed her to remain authoritative and child like. Boys and Girls describes a major turning point in a girls life, turning down a path towards womanhood. Her childhood fears of the dark and fears of being less than a perfect worker to her father and her control of her brother slowly dissolve. Her purpose to free the terrified supply highlights her pivotal journey into adulthood. And her ability to cry with sensitivity over her decision of freedom, demonstrates the acute sensitivity of a woman.