Geological Observation of Kabaena Island

Geological Observation of Kabaena IslandGEOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF KABAENA ISLAND, SOUTEAST SULAWESI AN IMPLICATION OF HYDROCARBON particular IN FRONTIER AREA BASED ON OUTCROP ANALOGUE STUDYIyan Fadhlurrohman*Aprila Fitriani Parma*Citra Fitriani**Adi Maulana*ABSTRACTKabaena island, located in the southeast Sulawesi province, has a complex architectonic condition due to its history. Field investigate on the island evokes that Kabaena Island discrepancyed by the rendezvous amongst microcontinent plates with oceanic plates that made up the complex lane between ophiolite and metamorphic endocarps. These totters were found from the results of dramaturgy geological use.The aim of this paper is to explain the geological condition and potential situations of hydrocarbon based on outcrop model and petrographic analysis. The results of petrographic observations indicate ultramafic disceptations containing minerals Ca-Rich and Mg-Rich pyroxene and Olivine. While the metamorphic rocks show the occurrences of Chlorite, Amphibolite and sericite minerals. Observation of thin character in limestone lithology shows that these rocks had fracture porosity that might become reservoir rocks. The limestone unit had undergone metamorphism process and in general diversifyd into marble. The inkiness shale rocks which from limestone units locally occurred on this island, mostly changed into metamorphic rocks and associated with low-level process that characterized several changes into slate. The blackamoor shale rocks may contain the organic matters as source rock potential. tectonic conditions in the study bea indicates the occurrence of storm fault by ultramafic rocks from oceanic into microcontinent plate. The other analysis also indicates another strike jiggery-pokery fault correlating the presence of gas seepage points in limestone unit. whatsoever outcrops found as result of a one week geological mapping on Kabaena island. Several examples were used in petrogra phic observations.Key Words Kabaena Island, Reservoir Rock, Source Rock, Hydrocarbon.INTRODUCTIONHydrocarbon exploration investigate in eastern region of Indonesia was done by few, especially in Kabaena island. This area was formed by the rendezvous between microcontinent plates with oceanic plates that made up the complex lane between ophiolite and metamorphic rocks. Tectonic conditions in the study area indicates the occurrence of thrust fault by ultramafic rocks on the plates microcontinent.Previous interrogation revealed the potential source rock in the form of black shale of Kabaena Island area. Vitrinite reflectance results included in catagenesis phase (oil window) and indicate the mature rock but potentially less of total organic carbon (TOC). These rocks are locally distributed in question area, characterized by poorly lateral continuity of black shale (Ibrahim et al., 2014). Therefore, geological observation is needed to determine the development of the geological condi tions of the research area. This is a continuation of previous studies which showed some samples of the oil content has a pyrite content in them (Ibrahim et al., 2014). Although the total organic carbon in the sample is less potential, but it is needed to provide additional data for developing research of hydrocarbon potential in the research area and its implications for petroleum system.METHODSThe geological mapping on Kabaena island were conducted to identify the characterization of each organization (Simandjuntak et al, 1993) from outcrop locations. This research conducted from early until late March 2016. A few sample were collected and had been study in the laboratory with petrography methods to determine mineral and rock properties type as characteristics and hydrocarbon potential occurrence.RESULTSGeology of question AreaGeomorphologyGeomorphology observation in research area is generally comprised of plains and mountains. The morphological units of research area are divid ed based on classification of landform (Brahmantyo and Bandono, 2006) using topography analysis, DEM map analysis and field observation. base on that, the units divided into mountains faults, karst hills, plains of rivers, and coastal plains. The mountains faults and karst mountains are generally make up by pompangeo complex, ultramafic complex, and formation Matano. Whereas the landscape river plains and coastal plains composed by Langkowala formations and alluvial deposits. Characteristic of river menstruum system is a sub-dendritic pattern with vertical and lateral erosion. Land use is generally for residential land, plantation and mining areas.StratigraphyThe general lithology that was exposed on the research area comprised of sedimentary rock, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. The Rocks outcrop are commonly in scouring the walls due to roads expansion and bottom of rivers. The research area consists with versatile Pre-Tertiary rocks, Tertiary, and Quaternary. Pre-Tertiary Cre taceous rocks became the oldest rocks on Kabaena island, composed of ultramafic Complex, Matano Formation, and Pompangeo Complex from Cretaceous period to Paleocene epoch. The tertiary rocks composed of Miocene Formation of Langkowala and then Alluvium complete the formation from quaternary (Simanjuntak, et al., 1993). This research focused on Pre-Tertiary rocks that has implication of hydrocarbon occurrence.Ultramafic rocks in the area detect as shattered zone which influenced by the tectonic coordinate of thrust fault. The Lithological unit founded as Peridotite, Dunite and locally serpentinite. In the field observation, the peridotite showed grayish black physical characteristics and reddish condition of weathering (Figure 3). That litholohy has holocrystalline texture, phaneritic granularity, subhedral-euhedral crystal shape, equigranular texture relation, and massive bodily structures.Pompangeo complex are generally composed of low-moderate grade metamorphic rocks. Lithology which composed these metamorphic rocks are phyllite, mica schist, amphibole schist and chlorite schist. The field observation from the metamorphic rocks shown that foliated structure with direction relatively changing. It also showed the structure of the minor folds found in the study area (Figure 3).On Matano formations, limestone is spreadhead on the east to the south of research area. These rocks characterized with carbonate minerals such as calcite and bitter spar as the form of diagenetic process. Limestone lithology unit on the research area mostly changed into meta-limestone and marble which can be seen on petrographic observations in the form of a change of the mineral calcite. The Matano formation also formed a black shale lithological unit that generally changed into slate (Figure 4).Geological StructureThe geological structure in research area was formed by thrust fault and strike-slip fault which refers to the geological map sheet of Kolaka, South East Sulawesi (Simand juntak, et al., 1993). Each fault composed of untypical direction. The major stress direction commonly from nor-east to Southwest and Northwest to Southeast. Strike slip fault might control the deposition of rocks while the thrust fault limiting each lithology. The faults only found in pre-tertiary rocks. Tertiary rocks are not affected by the presence of faults.Petrography AnalysisThe results of petrography analysis were observed on thin section from rock samples of peridotite, amphibolite schist, slate, limestone, and shale.Peridotite rocks characterized with holocrystalline and phaneritic texture which composed by Ca-Rich Pyroxene, Mg-Rich pyroxene, and olivine Mineral Group (Figure 5). Based on the mineral content (Streckeisen, 1976) peridotite rocks classified as harzburgite, olivine websterite, and wherlite (Figure 6). Petrographic observations for muscovite schist shows foliated structure which composed of muscovite, Actinolite, Hornblende, and quartz (Figure 7). While at s late textures encountered sub-ophitic form with mineral content of clay minerals, quartz and calcite. On Matano formations limestone shows the occurrence of calcite and dolomite minerals which spread on each sample (Figure 8). A few samples encountered showed a type of fracture porosity as part of secondary pores. Shale rock composed by clay minerals, quartz, and calcite mineral due to dissolution from carbonate rocks.Petroleum Implication The presence of source rock and reservoir rock from Matano formation made the research more focused into this formation based on potential hydrocarbon occurrence. Matano formation in the study area is scattered in the center of attention to the eastern part of research area. Reservoir rock that could potentially save the hydrocarbon reserves in the form of crystalline limestones, while the host rock in the form of black shale.Source rock is an important element in determining the quality of produced hydrocarbons. Source rocks in the study site we re found in Matano formation that had partially transformed into slate rocks due to pressure and temperature. It is associated with the process of low level metamorphism in the study area. Based on the results of geological mapping, the black shale rocks scattered in several locations and has the type of local deployment. It can be seen on the field observation stations map. The results of geochemical analysis show host rock into the category of mature but has unfavorable TOC value (Ibrahim et al. 2014). Potential reservoir rocks in the study area was found in the Matano formations lithology, with its characteristic crystalline limestones. Limestone is spread laterally with layer thickness of 200-500m. Based on field observations gas seepage was found on one of observation station. Petrographic observations on thin section analysis shows rock porosity with 0-5%. Porosity that can be found was the fracture porosity. However, interconnectivity of pores is poor, because of the existenc e of calcite and dolomite cement and the recrystallization of calcite matrix. It might reduce pores which results in lower porosity and permeability quality.CONCLUSIONSThe geological condition on research area comprised of geomorphological analysis which composed of mountains faults, karst hills, plains of rivers, and coastal plains morphological units, stratigraphical analysis which formed by ultramafic complex, matano formation, pompangeo complex, langkowala formation, and alluvium deposit. While the research area characterized by thrust fault, and strike slip fault with major direction stress northeast to southwest and north-west to southeast.Based on the petrographical analysis, the reservoir target which is a limestone of matano formation with limestone lithology characterized with fracture porosity which has poor quality of pores (0%-5%) while source rock target from black shale has bad TOC value.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors want to express their thanks to all the family in ge ological department University of Hasanuddin which have given attention and support to do geological field mapping. Special thanks to Mr. Kaharuddin MS whom always give moral support to finish the research activity.REFERENCES Simandjuntak, T.O., Surono, and Sukido, 1993, Geological Map sheet of Kolaka, Sulawesi, 1250.000, Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung.Ibrahim, M. A., Rustandi, U., Suryana, A., 2014, Penyelidikan Bitumen Padat Daerah Pulau Kabaena Kabupaten Bombana, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Proceedings Geological Resource Center.Surono, 1994, Stratigraphy of The Southeast Sulawesi Continental Terrane, Eastern Indonesia. Journal of Geology and Mineral Resources, V. IV, Pp. 4-11, April 1994Brahmantyo, B., and Bandono, 2006, Classification of Earth Landform for Geomorphological Mapping at weighing machine 1 25,000 and Its Application to Spatial Analysis.Geoaplika Journal Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006, Hal. 71-78Figure 1 Geological Map of Kabaena Island (Modified afterw ards Simandjuntak, 1993)Figure 2 Stratigraphy of Southeast Sulawesi (Modified after Surono, 1993)Figure 3 Outcrop Location for peridotite and schist lithology. The schist sample location exist on a few station location which spread from North to Northeast from the map whereas peridotite spread on northeast to southwest.Figure 4 An outcrop observation map of limestone and shale lithology. Limestone from ST14 location characterized as crystalline with a massive structure whereas ST23 characterized as limestone interbedded with shale. ST9 and ST15 location characterized as calcareous shale as an occurrence of calcite minerals.Figure 5 Thin section of peridotite showed exist of Ortho-pyroxene mineral interpreted as hypersthene (4F). Some of olivine (6F) and Clino-pyroxene (1I) exist on this sampleFigure 6 Mineral plotting for occurrence of major mineral (Opx-Cpx-Ol) from ultramafic igneus rock classification (Streckeisen, 1976)Figure 7 Sample A interpreted as schist muscovite whic h dominated by muscovite, hornblende, and sericite. Sericite mineral as changing from muscovite mineral (1B). Sample B shown occurrence of clay mineral (5I) and calcite (2H). This sample interpreted as calcareous shaleFigure 8 Thin section of limestone sample shown the occurrence of fracture porosity (A. 6A-6F) Sample A and B dominated by dolomite while Sample C and D shown that the calcite minerals had changed as metamorphic process