Animal Testing

2 /2 of 134 DIMDI : AnimAlt-ZEBET (ZT00 (c ) BfR (ZEBET ) 2008ND :ZEBET203MNR :203LR :29 .06 .2007SH :ImmunologyTitle :Production of antibodies by IgY engineer in the crank yolk of cowardlyLanguage :englishUT :IgY ZEBET animal experiments animal question alternatives animal theatrical role alternatives animal welf are antibodies antibodies , avian antibodies , icteric antibodies , monoclonal antibodies , polyclonal antibody production bleed bleeding return blood-letting chicken ducks clod yolk goats ginzo pigs hens hens , laying horses immunisation immunization , DNA immunization , passive immune gamma globulin Y immune serum globulins immunology mice decease of animals pharmacy production , antibody rock rabbits rats reduction close sheep strains , inbred vaccination veterinary medicine yolkEV :Reduction ,Refineme ntSTA :Scientific AcceptanceVOR :Not present for regulatory purposesAB :BACKGROUNDPolyclonal antibodies are usually obtained from rabbits , barely excessively from mice , rats and guinea pigs , and larger amounts from sheep , goats and horses . Two invasive procedures are generally all important(p) for polyclonal antibody production , both of which cause distress and pain to the animals . first , the animals have to be injected with the relevant antigen to induce activation of the unsporting system the initial immunisation is usually followed by wedge injections . Some time later blood is collected to set apart and purify the desired antibodies . In contrast , isolation of antibodies from birds does non select sampling of bloodMETHODIn immunised chicken hens , the kinetics of particular(prenominal) antibody generation are comparable to that of rabbits . However , a pregnant portion of the produced antibodies is transferred from the blood serum to the crank . Bet ween 50 to snow mg immunoglobulin hatful b! e isolated from the addict yolk containing up to 10 mg of particularized antibody . but , procedures for isolation from egg yolk are simple (e .g . Schade et al , 1996 and 2005 . Chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin is phylogenetically perspicuous from mammalian immunoglobulin immunoglobulin G it is therefore called IgYPolyclonal IgY antibodies can be use in the same way as IgG antibodies but offer advantages in terms of specificity , cross-reactivity and sensitivity permitting the use for special(prenominal) applications . When using chicken , a higher character of specific antibody against mammalian antigen can be produced , especially when the antigen is a passing conserved protein (e .g . Calzado et al , 2001 . In addition , chicken IgY does non bind to complement nor to human or bacterial Fc receptors and does not cross-react with mammalian IgG (see review by Schade et al 2005 . to a greater extent recently , the so-called IgY technology has been used to catch gene-specific antibodies for nosology and drug discovery (e .g . Zhang , 2003 Cova 2005 . Other bird species providing IgY for question and symptomatic purposes include quails and breeding ducks (e .g Cova , 2005CONCLUSIVE REVIEWIsolation of polyclonal antibodies from bird eggs constitutes a refinement method compared with traditional approaches based on extracting blood from mammals . Because a single chicken or duck egg contains as much antibody as an average bleed from a rabbit , this simple , economical non-invasive method may also extinguish the killing of laboratory animals in some instances . avian antibodies (IgY ) can be used for a wide redact of applications...If you exigency to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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