Understanding Endings on Latin Comparative Adjectives

Parents of English-speaking children generally witness a phase in their childrens development when they seem confused as to the correct form of the comparative adjective. Is it more better, gooder, or what? That children generally do figure it out is part of the miracle of our ability to use language. When learning a second language as an adult, its much harder. Comparatives can definitely become eye-glossing-over material. They wouldnt be if the comparatives were all regular and easy, but there is little to tell you which adjectives are going to be regular, which in English means they take an -er or -ier ending, or irregular, which means... who knows what. Although we could probably do without this similarity with English, Latin, too, has not only regular  but also irregular adjectives: Bonus - good, melior/melius - better (irregular in Latin and English)Malus - bad, pejus/pejor - worse (irregular in Latin and English)Magnus - great, major/majus - greaterParvus - small, little, minor/minus -less (irregular in Latin and English)Multus - much, many, plures - more (irregular in Latin and English) In addition to having irregular adjectives in the comparative, Latin adjectives have to be declined to go along with the noun or pronoun they modify. Remember that declining an adjective to go along with the noun means that If the noun is neuter, so is the adjective.If the noun is plural, so is the adjective.If the noun is in one case, so is the adjective. In the comparative, you dont have to worry about whether the noun is masculine or feminine, just whether or not its neuter. Thats because the endings on comparative adjectives dont follow the 1st and 2nd declensions. Instead, comparative adjectives follow the 3rd declension, with the following exceptions. no -i, but an -e for the ablative singular,an -a instead of -ia for the neuter plural nominative/accusative, anda similar lack of /i/ for the neuter plural. Now well look at some actual declensions of an adjective in the comparative: the Latin for longer. The Latin for long is longus, -a, um. To find the base of the adjective, which you need, since you add the ending to it, look at the genitive and remove the genitival ending. The genitive singular forms of longus, -a, -um are longi, longae, longi. Removing the genitive endings leaves long-. It is to this base that the comparative endings are added, as shown: Singular nom. masc/fem. longiorgen. masc/fem. longiorisdat. masc/fem. longioriacc. masc/fem. longioremabl. masc/fem. longiorenom. neut. longiusgen. neut. longiorisdat. neut. longioriacc. neut. longiusabl. neut. longiore Plural nom. masc/fem. longioresgen. masc/fem. longiorumdat. masc/fem. longioribusacc. masc/fem. longioresabl. masc/fem. longioribusnom. neut. longioragen. neut. longiorumdat. neut. longioribusacc. neut. longioraabl. neut. longioribus

Labor Workers Vs. American Business - 1615 Words

Labor Workers vs. American Business Throughout the 19th and the early 20th century, American businesses have taken advantage of naà ¯ve immigrants who leave their country in order to fulfill the â€Å"American dream†. During this period of industrialization, millions of poor immigrants that flocked to the United States met with terrible working conditions and barely livable wages. In the book â€Å"The Jungle† written by Upton Sinclair, is able to convey these dreadful events through a family who experience firsthand this harsh environment that led them to experience tragic events in a town called Packingtown, Chicago. In† A People’s History of the United States† by Howard Zinn Chapter 11 and 13, explains how the government/presidency has manipulated the system in favor of a small majority of people and themselves which has brought enormous failure which have contribution throughout the years. This had modified how we think about certain ways and how modern politics is performed an d affects us in our daily lives. We can all relate to the injustices we go through as a result of the inequality of the government has put us in. Specially, during the late 19th and early 20th century labor was not an admirable situation that anyone should face. An abundant of individual had to confront abuse, crime, and discrimination all due to their lack of unions and regulations. Not only did immigrant go through a harsh time, but we can all examine that human beings all around the world have goneShow MoreRelatedLegal Status of Unions1385 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Status of Unions Legal Status of Unions The history of the American labor movement coincides with the development of labor unions in the United States, from the initial local craft unions like the Federal Society of Journeyman Cordwainers (shoemakers), to the formation of national unions such as the National Labor Union (NLU) and the Knights of Labor, creation of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and the Congress of International Organizations (CIO), the merger of the AFL-CIO, andRead MoreRisk Lawsuits, A Poor Reputation, And Could Face Criminal And / Or Civil Penalties1139 Words   |  5 Pagescivil penalties. I feel that everyone that works within a company should be informed of the business laws that pertain to them and have the knowledge of how they can affect them. The owner of the business should not be the only one that is familiar with the laws and the depth of them. The employees should have the knowledge of the laws because they can protect and affect them in many different ways. Business owners should protect themselves and their company by being conscious of the laws and abidingRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Great Recession1392 Words   |  6 Pagesa. The Beginning of the Great Recession The definition of a recession is this: a significant decline in general economic activity, typically involving two consecutive quarters of decline in gross domestic product (GDP). In December of 2007, the American economy experienced an event of this nature—the Great Recession. This global financial crisis stemmed from what seemed like an isolated disturbance within the subprime US housing market but transformed into a catastrophic event. The GR officiallyRead MoreIndustrialization took place during the 1877-1920’s. It transformed a group of people from a700 Words   |  3 Pagesthe world and social political effects of Plessy vs. Ferguson and Jim Crow. Spreading of cultures was influential to the U.S. during this time because it helped build business and increase the economy. In the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the effect was that segregation laws were constitutional as long as people had access to separate but equal facilities. This encouraged racism and the whites thought that they were superior while African Americans felt inferior. In the case of Jim Crow, schoolsRead MoreProgressivism And Progressivism1108 Words   |  5 Pagesforce behind unions, public education, professionalism, skilled labor, government based services, and political and economic rights of the disadvantaged in America. The trade unions, better known as labor unions, got off to a rocky start in America as their ideas of fair wages and worker’s rights were met with very hostile companies who did not want to put their profit at risk. Unions however fought for the common interest of the worker against countless oppositions, including government mandates,Read MoreWhy Texas Race Racial Discrimination Is Because Of The Size Of Its Population Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, of which 20.6 million (working population) are 16 years and over. As a general rule, the Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) sets 14 years of age as the minimum age for employment, and limits the number of hours worked by minors under the age of 16. The U.S 2014 census estimates also shows that Texas population has been dominating by Whites (80.0%) over Black or African American (12.5%); American Indian and Alaska Native (1.0%); Asian (4.5%); Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (0.1%); otherRead MoreGlobalization : An International Economy And Global Markets898 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Debates - Good vs. Bad, those in opposition believe that globalization is dangerous due to the â€Å"...inequities of oppressive global capitalism† (2000-2001). So, what are the upsides and downsides to globalization? The world has become smaller and is open to everyone in it. Goods move freely across the globe in numbers not previously seen before. Multinational corporations are located throughout the world. According to a poll by American Express, international business travel is taking offRead MoreThe Transition From An Agrarian Society1183 Words   |  5 Pages The fifty years leading up to 1877 exemplified little successes for workers’ movements due to the drastic nature of change during this time period. The transition from an agrarian society to an industrial empire had challenged old American values such as outwork and interdependence found within rural communities. Specifically, division of labor and technological advancements during this time period had shifted society from being self-reliant (agrarian) to dependent on large businesses (industry)Read Moremark kasky vs nike1197 Words   |  5 Pagesconstruction, ending worker exposure to chloride compounds. It revised its c onduct code, expanding protections for workers. It set up a compliance department of more than 50 employees. Its staff members were assigned to specific Asian plants or to a region, where they trained local managers and did audits assessing code compliance. Nike helped to start a voluntary CSR initiative called the Fair Labor Association to enforce a code of conduct and monitoring scheme to end sweatshop labor The Nike CodeRead MoreWomen Of The United States And The World Is Violating A Person s Human Rights1364 Words   |  6 Pages Over the year the United States and the world was and still is violating a person’s human rights. For century’s women, African Americans, gays, and lesbians were the grunt of such unfair treatment. Men thought a women place was in the home, cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the kids. Whites thought that black people did not deserve any rights because of their skin color. People where against gays and lesbians because of their sexual preference. In some countries women are not allowed to

African American Slang Essay - 3503 Words

African American Slang African American Slang has had many other names: Ebonics, Jive, Black English, and more. The Oxford English Dictionary defines slang (in reference to language) in three different ways: 1) the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type 2) the special vocabulary or phraseology of a particular calling or profession; the cant or jargon of a certain class or period 3) language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense. Whatever one’s perspective on slang, it is a natural and inevitable part of language. In this†¦show more content†¦The most common argument against it is that slang is a result of an inability to communicate effectively in the standard of a language, but in some instances slang words are created in order to fill a linguistic need that the standard does not fulfill. The use of the word floss is a good example of this, in short floss refers to personal possessions that display one’s wealth, as a native speaker of English, I am unable to think of a Standard American English word that could replace that usage of floss. So in this case, the word floss as it is used in Ebonics plays fills a linguistic need. Slang also can act as a means of self-defense against the mainstream or outside groups. Slang is created out the will to survive on the terms of the group. Those who create, cultivate, and use slang have a desire, and sometimes a need, for secrecy or privacy from the mainstream. It also creates and reinforces group identity. Many scholars have discussed these uses of slang, but none quite as explicitly and eloquently as Clarence Major in this following passage: â€Å"This so-called private vocabulary of black people serves the users as a powerful medium of self-defense against a world demanding participatio n while at the same time laying a boobytrap-network of rejection and exploitation. Afro-American slang is created out of the will to survive on black terms. Black slang stems more precisely from a somewhat disseminated rejection of the life-styles,Show MoreRelatedAfrican American Stereotypes. Paper1208 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American Stereotypes Ivory Marvin A stereotype is a popular belief about specific types of individuals. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. African Americans have been perceived to be someone they are not in the media, history, and in everyday life. Although some stereotypes are true, many are harmful and inaccurate. African American stereotypes are generalizations about the behavior of African Americans originated mainlyRead MoreOutline Of The Help By Kathryn Stockett, And Later Produced As A Film1399 Words   |  6 Pagesrelevant detail in respect to the lives of black women in the 1960’s South, it does not capture crucial aspects of racial discrimination, nor accurately reflect the injustices that men and women faced in the 1960’s. P2 – Background Information African American equality could not measure up to the desire for white supremacy, and separatism was believed to be a logical solution. The 1960s. History.com. Accessed November 30, 2014. http://www.history.com/topics/1960s. This source was useful because itRead MoreWeb Du Bois and Double Consciousness Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagessociology through the eyes and experience of an African-American scholar (Vissing, 2011). Du Bois was an author, activist and student of Black sociology. In his 1897 article, Strivings of the Negro People†, Du Bois introduced the term â€Å"double-consciousness†, a concept I believe to be just as relevant in today’s African-American communities. Double consciousness refers to what Du Bois considered an absence of â€Å"true self consciousness† (Du Bois, 1897) amongst Africans in America. In place of that absence, liesRead More Dominicans And Afro-americans Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagestoday, there is a large and diverse African-American population. Within this population, there are several ethnic groups. The other ethnic group similar to Afro-Americans is Dominicans. Not only are they both minorities, but they also look similar as well. Both Domin icans and Afro-Americans are originally from Africa, but their slave masters separated them into two different cultures. African-Americans was African slaves of Americans, and Dominicans were African slaves of the Spanish. Hevesi of theRead More Invisible Man Comparative Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesGod and Invisible Man Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Life has never been easy for African-Americans. Since this countrys formation, the African-American culture has been scorned, disrespected and degraded. It wasnt until the middle of the 21st century that African-American culture began to be looked upon in a more tolerant light. This shift came about because of the many talented African-American writers, actors, speakers and activists who worked so hard to gain respect for themselvesRead MoreEssay On Nigga1692 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. This word has been used in a derogatory way since the 1800s. It is a term of exclusion and a verbal justification for discrimination. Nowadays in the 21st century, people use the slang word nigga which stems from nigger. Over the years there has been some controversy about who should be allowed to say the slang word nigga. The connection between The Fire This Time and this topic is in Carol Anderson’s excerpt from her book, White Rage, Ronald Reagan’s key political strategist, Lee Atwater saysRead MoreThe Southern Sambo, Mammy, And Jim Crow967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Southern Sambo, Mammy, and Jim Crow are three major stereotypical characters of African Americans in past and present popular culture that served their own purposes, held their own characteristics, and completed their respective actions. As a whole, each character completed the task of negatively por traying Blacks in popular culture. Although these characters were made centuries ago, many of them have either transformed or adapted to times in order to remain relevant even in the twenty-firstRead MoreRacial Profiling And African Americans Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe word niggeris the most inapporiate racial slur according to dictionary.com, which has meant to belittle African Americans. Leaving many individuals to be beat, lynched, or even the victim of arson based upon racially motivated attacks within black communities; for instance â€Å"the reaction towards the news of Booker T. Washington dining in White House, Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina predicted (Kennedy, pg 15), â€Å"The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that nigger will necessitateRead More The Word Nigger Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesnigger in the same way that racists have and still are? The answer to this question is a simple one- no. Today’s urban society have chang ed, not only the definition, but also the spelling of this word, which was once used to belittle those of African-American decent. Now, the definition as proved through today’s urban youth holds many denotations- positive and negative. But has the definition really changed? Or are today’s urban society just being ignorant and socially blinded by the hardships ofRead MoreWhy The English Language Is Nobody s Special Property1525 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage is nobody’s special property. It is the property of the imagination: it is the property of the language itself† Derek Walcott. I chose this quote to begin my assignment because speaking proper English doesn’t belong specifically to African-Americans nor whites or any other races that live on the planet earth. What is crossing? Crossing as defined in our textbook is when speakers use language features or linguistic styles associated with another ethnic groups (Herk, 2012). To put

Bronfenbrenner Adoption Essay - 1662 Words

Newly Adoptive parents: Let’s us congratulate the happy couple on your decision to adopt this beautiful child. When a couple gives birth, it is a joyous occasion, and when they bring that little bundle of joy home, the teaching and socialization process begins; and with a clean slate. Adopting a child and returning them home too, is also a joyous time. However, the only socialization decision that you have made at this point is that they will be enrolled in a preschool. Therefore, we have to create a handbook to provide you with valuable advice parents should know about socialization and to help you better devise a plan with the raising of your new child. In this handbook, we will cover and explain the importance of Bronfenbrenner’s†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ecosystems- is the linkages between two or more sets; however, one of these setting does not directly contain the developing child. For example, parent’s workplace or father’s poker game can indirectly affect a child depending on the current workload or amount of financial windfall. Microsystem implies the immediate environment of a person. These surrounding include an individual ‘s neighborhood, school, peers, and family. The well-known relationships are between school, family, church and school experiences. I feel if children are rejected by people in the microsystem they are more likely to have difficulties in having positive relationships with people they come in contact with. When we have Exosystem can relate to relationships between a social environment in which a person does play an active role and immediate context. When a child or wife experience at home can be affected by the parents or husband’s exposure at the workplace. When the mother or father gets a promotion at work, which requires them to travel a lot, and this can generate conflict with the family and the interaction patterns with the children. When we talk about macrosystem, it defines the culture where people live. Literature refers to people’s ways. The Cultural setting can comprise of ethnicity, poverty, and socioeconomic status. Parenting styles: We all have different parenting styles. I think the first is authoritarian style and the other oneShow MoreRelatedThe Occupation Of Gardening And Its Therapeutic Benefits For Children5855 Words   |  24 PagesThis essay will present an in-depth critique of the research literature exploring the occupation of gardening and its therapeutic benefits for children. Gardening is the activity of planting, cultivating and tending (Oxford dictionary 2015). The origins of gardening, and its fulfilment of a human need, date back to 1500bc where archaeologists discovered ancient paintings of opulent gardens by the Egyptians (Cellauro 2015). Recognition of the benefits of gardening as a therapeutic tool in occupationalRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesCongressional Opposition to Testers,† Chapter 5 Diversity and Equal Employment Opportunity The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 1998, A4. 23. Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971). 24. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, sec. 703c. 25. â€Å"Adoption by Four Agencies of Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978),† Federal Register, August 15, 1978, Part IV, 38295—38309. 26. For a discussion of statistical methodological details related to employment selection, see Robert D. Gatewood

Psychoanalysis And Marxism And 1984 - 2034 Words

Psychoanalysis, Marxism, and 1984 Applying modern theoretical lenses to historic works can lead to an alternate understanding of a text - perhaps one the author did not intend. Novels, like George Orwell’s 1984, can be analyzed through multiple lenses. The strongest analysis, however, can be conducted through the lenses of Marxism and psychoanalysis. Through these complementary lenses, readers gain an understanding of social constructs (Marxism) and the effects of these constructs on human behavior (psychoanalysis). Relating these lenses, then, to the life of Orwell’s Winston Smith, readers can assess his place in society and understand how his role in the re-writing of history affected his life. Marxist theory is based upon the†¦show more content†¦Fear of this all powerful government, after having seen what the likes of Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler were doing to the world, 1984 can be read as a warning about what society can evolve into if we allow it. Every society already contains a social hierarchy, allowing it to function and grow. How difficult would it be to take over this structure and bend it to new, nefarious needs? Isaac Asimov, celebrated science fiction author, reviewed 1984 for the New Worker publication. In the review, Asimov explored the governmental structure of the story. Orwell presents Big Brother as immortal, but has also given two ways to maintain â€Å"eternal tyranny† (Asimov 6). Asimov points out that in Orwell’s world, Goldstein was created as a universal symbol of hate. This universal symbol was a way to a way to control and â€Å"robotize† the masses. Asimov goes on to note that this is nothing new and that â€Å"every nation in the world has used various neighbours for the purpose of hate† (Asimov 6). He also points out that in order to maintain control, the government must rewrite history and makes that statement, â€Å"No one will check the lie against the facts, and, if they do, they will disbelieve the facts† (Asimov 6). People, in general, will believe what those in power say as long as it fits their own wants and needs. Machiavelli stated, â€Å"Men are so simple and so much inclined to obey immediate needs that a deceiver will never lack victims for his deception†Show MoreRelatedCriticism of Freudianism as Unscientific2247 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Sigmund Freud and his critics: Criticism of Freudianism as unscientific Sigmund Freud today is honored as the founder of modern psychoanalysis. His concept of the human psyche has been used to analyze everything from individual psychologies to the structure of Hamlet. But although Freud is often parodied, cited, and imitated in popular literature, his theories have fallen out of favor in the academic discipline of psychology he was so influential in founding. Courses in psychology devote a paucityRead MoreTaking a Look at Sexual Education2416 Words   |  10 Pagesto better understand the case of sexual education, it is important to review the development of the concepts sex and sexuality within the social sciences and humanities. For centuries, sexuality has been silenced â€Å"product of human activity† (Rubin, 1984, p.143). However, the XX and XXI centuries have become the periods of sexual revolutions, when sexuality has been transformed from private sphere to the public one. It has become the part of the modern art, has started to be regarded as a politicalRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesin ‘inderterminancy’. French sociologist Jean-Franà §ois Lyotard understands postmodern as the deconstruction of the meta-narratives of the techno-scientism and the capitalism of the modern society because of the â€Å"incredulity toward metanarratives† (1984: xxiv). Paolo Portoghesi (1983) warns us not to treat ‘postmodern’ as a label designating homogeneous and convergent things but rather lumping together different things (including returning to historical and classical tradition) which arise from aRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Mental Illness3181 Words   |  13 Pagespractice have used Foucault to examine such themes as treating the ‘whole-patient’ — the proclaimed return of holistic medicine (Arney, 1984), which can be seen as a refocusing of the medical gaze (Nettleton, 2006). Likewise, Foucauldian analyses of terms such as patient-centredness (Mayes, 2008), or patient participation, empowerment and the patient narrative (Armstrong, 1984; Salmon Hall, 2003) have also been conducted. Despite its far-reaching influence, discourse analysis was not the last thing FoucaultRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestextbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et

Recycling How It Improves Our Environment free essay sample

A paper which explores how recycling certain materials aids in improving our environment. Recycling is far more than a local waste management strategy; it is also an important strategy for reducing the environmental impacts of industrial production. The paper studies the history of waste management and recycling and shows how it has improved over the years. The paper discusses how the U.S. government handles recycling on a national basis and the way these measures affect the natural environment. Today in the United States, more than 150 million tons of solid wastes are generated every year. This amounts to more than 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms) per person per day. In metropolitan areas, the daily production of solid waste is usually higher. Residents of New York City, for example, discard 26,000 tons of solid waste dailyalmost 7 pounds (3.2 kilograms) for each resident (Compton, 2000). Due to this high amount of waste, recycling has become a major part of environmental policy, largely due to the increased costs of solid- and hazardous-waste disposal, the scarcity of natural resources, and the growing concern over polluted land, water, and air. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling: How It Improves Our Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Regime Design Matters Essay Example For Students

Regime Design Matters Essay Too many people assume, generally without having given any serious thought to its character or its history, that international law is and always has been a sham. Others seem to think that it is a force with inherent strength of its own Whether the cynic or sciolist is the less helpful is hard to say, but both of them make the same mistake. They both assume that international law is a subject on which anyone can form his opinions intuitively, without taking the trouble, as one has to do with other subjects, to inquire into the relevant facts. —J. L. Brierly Regime design matters.1 International treaties and regimes have value if and only if they cause people to do things they would not otherwise do. Govern ments spend considerable resources and effort drafting and refining treaty language with the (at least nominal) aim of making treaty compliance and effectiveness more likely. This article demonstrates that whether a treaty elicits compliance or other desired behavioral changes depends upon identifiable characteristics of the regime’s compliance systems.2 As negotiators incorporate certain rules into a regime and exclude others, they are making choices that have crucial implications for whether or not actors will comply. For decades, nations have negotiated treaties with simultaneous hope that those treaties would produce better collective outcomes and skepticism about   the ability to influence the way governments or individuals act. Both lawyers and political scientists have theorized about how international legal regimes ca n influence behavior and why they often do not.3 Interest in issues of compliance and verification has a long history in the field of nuclear arms control.4 More recently, this interest in empirically evaluating how interna tional institutions, regimes, and treaties induce compliance and influence behavior has broadened to include other security areas as well as international trade and finance.5 Concern over the fate of the earth’s environment recently has prompted a further extension into questions of whether and how environ mental treaties can be made more effective at eliciting compliance and achieving their goals.6 Researchers in all these issue-areas face two critical questions. First, given that power and interests play important roles in determining behavior at the international level, is any of the compliance we observe with international treaties the result of the treaty’s influence? Second, if treaties and regimes can alter behavior, what strategies can those who negotiate and design regimes use to elicit the greatest possible compliance? This article addresses both these questions by empirically evaluating the international regime controlling inten tional oil pollution. Numerous efforts to increase the regime’s initially low levels of compliance provide data for comparing the different strategies for eliciting compliance within a common context that holds many important   explanatory variables constant. The goal of the treaties underlying this regime has been to reduce intentional discharges of waste oil by tankers after they deliver their cargoes. Since the late 1970s, these treaties have established two quite different compliance syst ems, or â€Å"subrcgimcs,† to accomplish this goal. One has prohibited tanker operators from discharging oil in excess of specified limits. The other has required tanker owners to install expensive pollution reduction equipment by specified dates. Treaty parties viewed both subregimes as equally legitimate and equally binding.7 The two subregimes regulated similar behavior by the same nations and tankers over the same time period. The absence of differences in power and interests would suggest that compliance levels with the two subrcgimcs would be quite similar.8 According to collective action theory, these cases are among the least likely to provide support for the hypothesis that regime design matters: subregime provisions required the powerful and concentrated oil industry to incur large pollution control costs to provide diffuse benefits to the public at large.9 Indeed, the lower cost of complying with discharge limits would suggest that compliance would be higher with those limits than with equipment requirements. Not surprisingly, violations of the limits on discharges have occurred frequently, attesting to the ongoing incentives to violate the agreement and confirming the characterization of oil pollution as a difficul t collaboration problem.10 A puzzle arises, however, from the fact that contrary to expectation compliance has been all but universal with requirements to install expensive equipment that provided no economic benefits. Consideration while designing EssayA study of â€Å"treaty compliance† would aggregate violation of one provision with compliance with another, losing valuable empirical information.17 Restricting study to the explicit rules in a treaty-based regime allows the analyst to distinguish compliance from noncom pliance in clear and replicable ways. Obviously, a focus on explicit rules ignores other potential mechanisms of regime influence, such as norms, principles, and   processes of knowledge creation.18 However, this restrictive definition has the virtue of bringing the debate to a level at which research on actual treaties and actual compliance can contribute to the intellectual and policy debates. This article evaluates the features of a regime that may determine compli ance by differentiating among three parts of any compliance system: a primary rule system, a compliance information system, and a noncompliance response system. The primary rule system consists of the actors , rules, and processes related to the behavior that is the substantive target of the regime. In the choice of who gets regulated and how, the primary rule system determines the pressures and incentives for compliance and violation. The compliance information system consists of the actors, rules, and processes that collect, analyze, and disseminate information on instances of violations and compli ance. Self-reporting, independent monitoring, data analysis, and publishing comprise the compliance information system that determines the amount, quality, and uses made of data on compliance and enforcement. The noncom pliance response system consists of the actors, rules, and processes governing the formal and informal responses—the inducements and sanctions employed to induce those in noncompliance to comply. The noncompliance response system determines the type, likelihood, magnitude, and appropriate ness of responses to noncompliancc. These categories provide the framework used in the remainder of this article to evaluate the oil pollution regime’s sources of success and failure in its attempt to elicit compliance.